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      The Use of Upconversion Nanoparticles in Prostate Cancer Photodynamic Therapy

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          Abstract

          Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment that uses light, a photosensitizer, and oxygen to destroy tumors. This article is a review of approaches to the treatment of prostate cancer applying upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). UCNPs have become a phenomenon that are rapidly gaining recognition in medicine. They have proven to be highly selective and specific and present a powerful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a huge health problem in Western countries. Its early detection can significantly improve patients’ prognosis, but currently used diagnostic methods leave much to be desired. Recently developed methodologies regarding UCNP research between the years 2021 and 2014 for prostate cancer PDT will also be discussed. Current limitations in PDT include tissue irradiation with visible wavelengths that have a short tissue penetration depth. PDT with the objectives to synthesize UCNPs composed of a lanthanide core with a coating of adsorbed dye that will generate fluorescence after excitation with near-infrared light to illuminate deep tissue is a subject of intense research in prostate cancer.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            A new initiative on precision medicine.

            Francis Collins, Harold E. Varmus (2015)
            President Obama has announced a research initiative that aims to accelerate progress toward a new era of precision medicine, with a near-term focus on cancers and a longer-term aim to generate knowledge applicable to the whole range of health and disease.
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              The effect of nanoparticle size on in vivo pharmacokinetics and cellular interaction.

              Nazanin Hoshyar, Samantha Gray, Hongbin Han … (2016)
              Nanoparticle-based technologies offer exciting new approaches to disease diagnostics and therapeutics. To take advantage of unique properties of nanoscale materials and structures, the size, shape and/or surface chemistry of nanoparticles need to be optimized, allowing their functionalities to be tailored for different biomedical applications. Here we review the effects of nanoparticle size on cellular interaction and in vivo pharmacokinetics, including cellular uptake, biodistribution and circulation half-life of nanoparticles. Important features of nanoparticle probes for molecular imaging and modeling of nanoparticle size effects are also discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                David Aebisher: Role: Academic Editor
                Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher: Role: Academic Editor
                David Mann: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Life (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Life (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): life
                Title: Life
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-1729
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2021
                Publication date Collection: April 2021
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 360
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; patomorfologia@ 123456szpital.rzeszow.pl (M.O.); fosuchowski@ 123456ur.edu.pl (F.O.)
                [2 ]Specialistic Hospital No. 2, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; wojlatos@ 123456gmail.com
                [3 ]Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: akawczyk@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-2940
                Article
                Publisher ID: life-11-00360
                DOI: 10.3390/life11040360
                PMC ID: 8073589
                SO-VID: ba85216b-bc00-44cf-9e8c-aac5328b1455
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 February 2021
                Date accepted : 15 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: upconversion nanoparticles,ucnps,prostate cancer,photodynamic therapy,pdt
                Data availability:
                Keywords: upconversion nanoparticles, ucnps, prostate cancer, photodynamic therapy, pdt

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