Evaluating the applicability of MESS (matrix exponential spatial specification) model to assess water quality using GIS technique in agricultural mountain catchment (Western Carpathian)

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Abstract

The formation of many sources of pollution in a short period of time is due to mountain soil erosion by water. One of the major mechanisms decisive in the intensification of such erosion is the loosening of soil material on the slope. Water quality studies show the impact of diversified spatial management and allow making the right decisions in environmental management in mountain areas with high variability of use and land cover. The research undertaken as part of the paper was carried out in order to determine the dependency between total suspended solids (TSS) and the physicochemical parameters of surface waters and the amount of soil losses in the use structure within the mountain catchment. The paper focused on the frequency of phenomena in time and the possibility of stopping the surface runoff on the slope and on the soil’s susceptibility to water erosion. The dependencies between multipoint sampling and the concentration of material washed off the slope due to precipitation were verified with a multivariate analysis. Sampling took place in hydrometric sections, and during small floods, in the waterbed cross section. Research shows that such sampling is the basis for the calculation of the transported load, reflecting the average variation in concentration. The variation in the volume of the load from the individual parts of the catchment was assessed by the spatial autoregressive model. It was found that the use of river basin areas affects water chemistry. Water reservoirs are an important ecological barrier for the migration of nitrate nitrogen (N-NO ₃) and phosphate phosphorus (P-PO ₄), which is marked by changes in the growing season. Water along the sections of the river near the quarry with a high degree of sodding showed good quality condition. Despite significant differences between measurement sampling sites, high total dissolved solid (TDS) values were found in communities adjacent to forests and meadows. However, the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and TSS concentrations were found in the interface with cultivated areas. Biogenic indices showed variation depending on the way the adjacent areas were used. GIS linked spatial variables with the formation of water pollution. The analysis of spatial autoregression pointed to the impact of arable land. Moreover, the analysis of spatial autoregression with the MESS function designated a connection between agricultural land use and nitrite nitrogen (N-NO ₂), EC, TSS, and dissolved oxygen (DO).

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Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of the Kurang stream: a principal feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir were investigated using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and metal pollution index (MPI) to determine metal accumulation, distribution and its pollution status. Sediment samples were collected from twenty one sites during two year monitoring in pre- and post-monsoon seasons (2007-2008). Heavy metal toxicity risk was assessed using Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), effect range low/effect range median values (ERL/ERM), and threshold effect level/probable effect level (TEL/PEL). Greater mean concentrations of Ni, Mn and Pb were recorded in post-monsoon season whereas metal accumulation pattern in pre-monsoon season followed the order: Zn>Mn>Ni>Cr>Co>Cd>Pb>Cu>Li. Enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation (Igeo) values showed that sediments were loaded with Cd, Zn, Ni and Mn. Comparison with uncontaminated background values showed higher concentrations of Cd, Zn and Ni than respective average shale values. Concentrations of Ni and Zn were above ERL values; however, Ni concentration exceeded the ERM values. Sediment contamination was attributed to anthropogenic and natural processes. The results can be used for effective management of fresh water hilly streams of Pakistan.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Wiktor Halecki: wiktor.halecki@urk.edu.pl

Tomasz Stachura: t.stachura@ur.krakow.pl

Wioletta Fudała: w.zarnowiec@ur.krakow.pl

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Monit Assess

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Monit Assess

Title: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )

ISSN (Print): 0167-6369

ISSN (Electronic): 1573-2959

Publication date (Electronic): 21 December 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 21 December 2018

Publication date (Print): 2019

Volume: 191

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 26

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2150 7124, GRID grid.410701.3, Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, , University of Agriculture in Krakow, ; Al. Mickiewicza 24-28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2150 7124, GRID grid.410701.3, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ; Kraków, Poland

Article

Publisher ID: 7137

DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7137-x

PMC ID: 6302058

PubMed ID: 30574668

SO-VID: b9c0cb04-4564-4350-9da4-f756fc72ebb2

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.