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      Loneliness: clinical import and interventions.

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          Abstract

          In 1978, when the Task Panel report to the US President's Commission on Mental Health emphasized the importance of improving health care and easing the pain of those suffering from emotional distress syndromes including loneliness, few anticipated that this issue would still need to be addressed 40 years later. A meta-analysis (Masi et al., 2011) on the efficacy of treatments to reduce loneliness identified a need for well-controlled randomized clinical trials focusing on the rehabilitation of maladaptive social cognition. We review assessments of loneliness and build on this meta-analysis to discuss the efficacy of various treatments for loneliness. With the advances made over the past 5 years in the identification of the psychobiological and pharmaceutical mechanisms associated with loneliness and maladaptive social cognition, there is increasing evidence for the potential efficacy of integrated interventions that combine (social) cognitive behavioral therapy with short-term adjunctive pharmacological treatments.

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          The Neuroendocrinology of Social Isolation

          John T. Cacioppo, Stephanie Cacioppo, John Capitanio … (2015)
          Social isolation has been recognized as a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in humans for more than a quarter of a century. Although the focus of research has been on objective social roles and health behavior, the brain is the key organ for forming, monitoring, maintaining, repairing, and replacing salutary connections with others. Accordingly, population-based longitudinal research indicates that perceived social isolation (loneliness) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality independent of objective social isolation and health behavior. Human and animal investigations of neuroendocrine stress mechanisms that may be involved suggest that (a) chronic social isolation increases the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis, and (b) these effects are more dependent on the disruption of a social bond between a significant pair than objective isolation per se. The relational factors and neuroendocrine, neurobiological, and genetic mechanisms that may contribute to the association between perceived isolation and mortality are reviewed.
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            Loneliness and Health: Potential Mechanisms

            Ray Kowalewski, William B Malarkey, Eve Van Cauter … (2002)
            Article 0 comments Cited 235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention

              Giacomo Rizzolatti, Carlo Umiltà, Isabella Dascola … (1987)
              Stimuli presented in a non-attended location are responded to much slower than stimuli presented in an attended one. The hypotheses proposed to explain this effect make reference to covert movement of attention, hemifield inhibition, or attentional gradients. The experiment reported here was aimed at discriminating among these hypotheses. Subjects were cued to attend to one of four possible stimulus locations, which were arranged either horizontally or vertically, above, below, to the right or left of a fixation point. The instructions were to respond manually as fast as possible to the occurrence of a visual stimulus, regardless of whether it occurred in a cued or in a non-cued location. In 70% of the cued trials the stimulus was presented in the cued location and in 30% in one of the non-cued locations. In addition there were trials in which a non-directional cue instructed the subject to pay attention to all four locations. The results showed that the correct orienting of attention yielded a small but significant benefit; the incorrect orienting of attention yielded a large and significant cost; the cost tended to increase as a function of the distance between the attended location and the location that was actually stimulated; and an additional cost was incurred when the stimulated and attended locations were on opposite sides of the vertical or horizontal meridian. We concluded that neither the hypothesis postulating hemifield inhibition nor that postulating movement of attention with a constant time can explain the data. The hypothesis of an attention gradient and that of attention movements with a constant speed are tenable in principle, but they fail to account for the effect of crossing the horizontal and vertical meridians. A hypothesis is proposed that postulates a strict link between covert orienting of attention and programming explicit ocular movements. Attention is oriented to a given point when the oculomotor programme for moving the eyes to this point is ready to be executed. Attentional cost is the time required to erase one ocular program and prepare the next one.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Perspect Psychol Sci
                Title: Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-6924
                ISSN (Print): 1745-6916
                Publication date (Electronic): Mar 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago ; HPEN Laboratory, Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, The University of Chicago.
                [2 ] Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University.
                [3 ] HPEN Laboratory, Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, The University of Chicago ; Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago.
                [4 ] School of Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven.
                Article
                Mid ID: NIHMS645836
                DOI: 10.1177/1745691615570616
                PubMed ID: 25866548
                SO-VID: b8cd57d9-ba8c-42a5-92ec-a58d3b2c9052
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