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      Einsamkeit am Lebensende Translated title: Loneliness at the end of life

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          Abstract

          Fortgeschrittene unheilbare Erkrankungen gehen aufgrund des zunehmenden Krankheitsprogresses mit zahlreichen Verlusten und Belastungen einher, welche die Autonomie und Selbstbestimmung sowie das Würdegefühl der Betroffenen erheblich beeinträchtigen und Einsamkeitsgefühle fördern können. Der gesundheitliche Abbau, die zunehmende Symptomlast, der Verlust von sozialen Rollen sowie die Angst vor dem Tod und dem Sterben zählen zu den wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für Einsamkeit am Lebensende. Dieser Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die verschiedenen Dimensionen der Einsamkeit am Lebensende. Die existentielle Einsamkeit wird in Abgrenzung zur emotionalen und sozialen Einsamkeit am Lebensende beleuchtet, Ursachen und gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Einsamkeit am Lebensende werden diskutiert, auf diagnostische Instrumente wird hingewiesen und Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit der emotionalen, sozialen und existentiellen Einsamkeit am Lebensende werden ausgesprochen. Auch die Einsamkeit pflegender Angehöriger wird thematisiert. Im Artikel weisen wir darauf hin, wie wichtig es ist, der emotionalen und sozialen Einsamkeit am Lebensende frühzeitig entgegenzuwirken. Palliative, psychologische und spirituelle Unterstützung können dabei helfen, zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen zu stärken, Sinn und Bedeutung zu fördern und die negativen Auswirkungen von Einsamkeitsgefühlen auf die Gesundheit und die Lebensqualität zu reduzieren. Im Gegensatz dazu wird die existentielle Einsamkeit als Ausdruck hoher emotionaler Reife betrachtet und kann als entwicklungsfördernde Erfahrung zu einer besseren Verortung des Selbst sowie zur Stärkung von Identität, Würde und Transzendenz am Lebensende beitragen.

          Translated abstract

          Advanced incurable diseases are often accompanied by numerous losses and burdens as the disease progresses, leading to a loss of autonomy, self-determination, and dignity for those affected, all of which can subsequently promote feelings of loneliness at the end of life. Declining health, increasing symptom burden, loss of social roles, and the fear of death and dying are among the key risk factors for loneliness towards the end of life. In this article, we provide an overview of the different dimensions of loneliness experienced at the end of life. We discuss existential loneliness alongside emotional and social loneliness, explore causes and health implications of loneliness at the end of life, suggest diagnostic tools for assessing loneliness, and finally provide recommendations for addressing emotional, social, and existential loneliness at the end of life. The loneliness of caregivers is also discussed. We suggest that addressing social and emotional loneliness early in the course of a terminal illness is crucial. Palliative, psychological, and spiritual support can strengthen interpersonal relationships, foster a sense of meaning and purpose, and alleviate the adverse effects of loneliness on mental and physical health as well as quality of life. In contrast, existential loneliness is considered an expression of profound emotional maturity and can offer opportunities for inner growth, contributing to a more refined sense of self while reinforcing identity, dignity, and transcendence at the end of life.

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          Most cited references47

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          UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure.

          In this article I evaluated the psychometric properties of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3). Using data from prior studies of college students, nurses, teachers, and the elderly, analyses of the reliability, validity, and factor structure of this new version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale were conducted. Results indicated that the measure was highly reliable, both in terms of internal consistency (coefficient alpha ranging from .89 to .94) and test-retest reliability over a 1-year period (r = .73). Convergent validity for the scale was indicated by significant correlations with other measures of loneliness. Construct validity was supported by significant relations with measures of the adequacy of the individual's interpersonal relationships, and by correlations between loneliness and measures of health and well-being. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a model incorporating a global bipolar loneliness factor along with two method factor reflecting direction of item wording provided a very good fit to the data across samples. Implications of these results for future measurement research on loneliness are discussed.
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            Dignity therapy: a novel psychotherapeutic intervention for patients near the end of life.

            This study examined a novel intervention, dignity therapy, designed to address psychosocial and existential distress among terminally ill patients. Dignity therapy invites patients to discuss issues that matter most or that they would most want remembered. Sessions are transcribed and edited, with a returned final version that they can bequeath to a friend or family member. The objective of this study was to establish the feasibility of dignity therapy and determine its impact on various measures of psychosocial and existential distress. Terminally ill inpatients and those receiving home-based palliative care services in Winnipeg, Canada, and Perth, Australia, were asked to complete pre- and post-intervention measures of sense of dignity, depression, suffering, and hopelessness; sense of purpose, sense of meaning, desire for death, will to live, and suicidality; and a post-intervention satisfaction survey. Ninety-one percent of participants reported being satisfied with dignity therapy; 76% reported a heightened sense of dignity; 68% reported an increased sense of purpose; 67% reported a heightened sense of meaning; 47% reported an increased will to live; and 81% reported that it had been or would be of help to their family. Post-intervention measures of suffering showed significant improvement (P = .023) and reduced depressive symptoms (P = .05). Finding dignity therapy helpful to their family correlated with life feeling more meaningful (r = 0.480; P = .000) and having a sense of purpose (r = 0.562; P = .000), accompanied by a lessened sense of suffering (r = 0.327; P = .001) and increased will to live (r = 0.387; P = .000). Dignity therapy shows promise as a novel therapeutic intervention for suffering and distress at the end of life.
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              Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis

              Introduction Loneliness has social and health implications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the association of loneliness with all-cause mortality. Methods Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus databases were searched through June 2016 for published articles that measured loneliness and mortality. The main characteristics and the effect size values of each article were extracted. Moreover, an evaluation of the quality of the articles included was also carried out. A meta-analysis was performed firstly with all the included articles and secondly separating by gender, using a random effects model. Results A total of 35 articles involving 77220 participants were included in the systematic review. Loneliness is a risk factor for all-cause mortality [pooled HR = 1.22, 95% CI = (1.10, 1.35), p < 0.001] for both genders together, and for women [pooled HR = 1.26, 95% CI = (1.07, 1.48); p = 0.005] and men [pooled HR = 1.44; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.76); p < 0.001] separately. Conclusions Loneliness shows a harmful effect for all-cause mortality and this effect is slightly stronger in men than in women. Moreover, the impact of loneliness was independent from the quality evaluation of each article and the effect of depression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                annina.seiler@usz.ch
                Journal
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
                Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1436-9990
                1437-1588
                23 August 2024
                23 August 2024
                2024
                : 67
                : 10
                : 1144-1151
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412004.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0478 9977, Klinik für Radio-Onkologie, Kompetenzzentrum Palliative Care, , Universitätsspital Zürich und Universität Zürich, ; Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Schweiz
                [2 ]Professur für Spiritual Care, Theologische und Religionswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Universität Zürich, ( https://ror.org/02crff812) Zürich, Schweiz
                Article
                3943
                10.1007/s00103-024-03943-0
                11424728
                39177839
                b81060f8-d8e9-4b8d-8926-b164504e2ce1
                © The Author(s) 2024

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                History
                : 15 April 2024
                : 8 August 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: University of Zurich
                Categories
                Leitthema
                Custom metadata
                © Robert Koch-Institut 2024

                einsamkeit,lebensende,identität,entwicklung,transzendenz,loneliness,end of life,identity,inner growth,transcendence

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