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      A Cognitive Neuroscience View of Schizophrenic Symptoms: Abnormal Activation of a System for Social Perception and Communication

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          Abstract

          We will review converging evidence that language related symptoms of the schizophrenic syndrome such as auditory verbal hallucinations arise at least in part from processing abnormalities in posterior language regions. These language regions are either adjacent to or overlapping with regions in the (posterior) temporal cortex and temporo-parietal occipital junction that are part of a system for processing social cognition, emotion, and self representation or agency. The inferior parietal and posterior superior temporal regions contain multi-modal representational systems that may also provide rapid feedback and feed-forward activation to unimodal regions such as auditory cortex. We propose that the over-activation of these regions could not only result in erroneous activation of semantic and speech (auditory word) representations, resulting in thought disorder and voice hallucinations, but could also result in many of the other symptoms of schizophrenia. These regions are also part of the so-called “default network”, a network of regions that are normally active; and their activity is also correlated with activity within the hippocampal system.

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          Most cited references155

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          Searching for a baseline: functional imaging and the resting human brain.

          Functional brain imaging in humans has revealed task-specific increases in brain activity that are associated with various mental activities. In the same studies, mysterious, task-independent decreases have also frequently been encountered, especially when the tasks of interest have been compared with a passive state, such as simple fixation or eyes closed. These decreases have raised the possibility that there might be a baseline or resting state of brain function involving a specific set of mental operations. We explore this possibility, including the manner in which we might define a baseline and the implications of such a baseline for our understanding of brain function.
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            Dorsal and ventral streams: a framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language.

            Despite intensive work on language-brain relations, and a fairly impressive accumulation of knowledge over the last several decades, there has been little progress in developing large-scale models of the functional anatomy of language that integrate neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and psycholinguistic data. Drawing on relatively recent developments in the cortical organization of vision, and on data from a variety of sources, we propose a new framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language which moves towards remedying this situation. The framework posits that early cortical stages of speech perception involve auditory fields in the superior temporal gyrus bilaterally (although asymmetrically). This cortical processing system then diverges into two broad processing streams, a ventral stream, which is involved in mapping sound onto meaning, and a dorsal stream, which is involved in mapping sound onto articulatory-based representations. The ventral stream projects ventro-laterally toward inferior posterior temporal cortex (posterior middle temporal gyrus) which serves as an interface between sound-based representations of speech in the superior temporal gyrus (again bilaterally) and widely distributed conceptual representations. The dorsal stream projects dorso-posteriorly involving a region in the posterior Sylvian fissure at the parietal-temporal boundary (area Spt), and ultimately projecting to frontal regions. This network provides a mechanism for the development and maintenance of "parity" between auditory and motor representations of speech. Although the proposed dorsal stream represents a very tight connection between processes involved in speech perception and speech production, it does not appear to be a critical component of the speech perception process under normal (ecologically natural) listening conditions, that is, when speech input is mapped onto a conceptual representation. We also propose some degree of bi-directionality in both the dorsal and ventral pathways. We discuss some recent empirical tests of this framework that utilize a range of methods. We also show how damage to different components of this framework can account for the major symptom clusters of the fluent aphasias, and discuss some recent evidence concerning how sentence-level processing might be integrated into the framework.
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              The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: how low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition.

              Accumulating evidence from cognitive neuroscience indicates that the right inferior parietal cortex, at the junction with the posterior temporal cortex, plays a critical role in various aspects of social cognition such as theory of mind and empathy. With a quantitative meta-analysis of 70 functional neuroimaging studies, the authors demonstrate that this area is also engaged in lower-level (bottom-up) computational processes associated with the sense of agency and reorienting attention to salient stimuli. It is argued that this domain-general computational mechanism is crucial for higher level social cognitive processing.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101300405
                34269
                Brain Imaging Behav
                Brain Imaging Behav
                Brain imaging and behavior
                1931-7557
                1931-7565
                28 August 2009
                1 March 2009
                05 October 2009
                : 3
                : 1
                : 10.1007/s11682-008-9052-1
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Brockton VA Medical Center, Brockton, MA, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Department of Psychiatry, Brockton VA Medical Center, Brockton, MA, USA
                Author notes

                Author's Contributions

                CGW is responsible for the theoretical ideas and wrote the manuscript. APP created the figures by aligning datasets from different papers and RH re-plotted the results of several studies into a common framework for the figures. Both APP and RH critically reviewed the contents of the manuscript.

                Article
                NIHMS142246
                10.1007/s11682-008-9052-1
                2757313
                19809534
                b6dd55af-83a5-4d15-8a31-ccf4ec932d3b
                © The Author(s) 2008.

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Mental Health : NIMH
                Award ID: R01 MH067080-05 || MH
                Categories
                Article

                Radiology & Imaging
                schizophrenia,temporal lobe,superior temporal sulcus,inferior parietal,temporo-parietal junction,hippocampus,language,default system

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