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      Clearing the Air: Gas Stove Emissions and Direct Health Effects

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives
      Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Gas range use has direct health effects—beyond those from climate change related to fossil fuels. If kitchens are not well ventilated, benzene, nitrogen dioxide, and other VOCs may reach levels known to harm health.

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          Meta-analysis of the effects of indoor nitrogen dioxide and gas cooking on asthma and wheeze in children.

          Weiwei Lin, Ulrike Gehring, Bert Brunekreef (2013)
          Since the meta-analysis on the association between indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and childhood respiratory illness in 1992, many new studies have been published. The quantitative effects of indoor NO2 on respiratory illness have not been estimated in a formal meta-analysis since then. We aimed to quantify the association of indoor NO2 and its main source (gas cooking) with childhood asthma and wheeze. We extracted the association between indoor NO2 (and gas cooking) and childhood asthma and wheeze from population studies published up to 31 March 2013. Data were analysed by inverse-variance-weighted, random-effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for different strata. Publication bias and heterogeneity between studies were investigated. A total of 41 studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary odds ratio from random effects meta-analysis for asthma and gas cooking exposure was 1.32 [95% confidential interval (CI) 1.18-1.48], and for a 15-ppb increase in NO2 it was 1.09 (95% CI 0.91-1.31). Indoor NO2 was associated with current wheeze (random effects OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.06-1.25). The estimates did not vary much with age or between regions. There was no evidence of publication bias. This meta-analysis provides quantitative evidence that, in children, gas cooking increases the risk of asthma and indoor NO2 increases the risk of current wheeze.
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            Methane and NO x Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes

            Eric D. Lebel, Colin J. Finnegan, Zutao Ouyang … (2022)
            Natural gas stoves in >40 million U.S. residences release methane (CH4)─a potent greenhouse gas─through post-meter leaks and incomplete combustion. We quantified methane released in 53 homes during all phases of stove use: steady-state-off (appliance not in use), steady-state-on (during combustion), and transitory periods of ignition and extinguishment. We estimated that natural gas stoves emit 0.8-1.3% of the gas they use as unburned methane and that total U.S. stove emissions are 28.1 [95% confidence interval: 18.5, 41.2] Gg CH4 year-1. More than three-quarters of methane emissions we measured originated during steady-state-off. Using a 20-year timeframe for methane, annual methane emissions from all gas stoves in U.S. homes have a climate impact comparable to the annual carbon dioxide emissions of 500 000 cars. In addition to methane emissions, co-emitted health-damaging air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into home air and can trigger respiratory diseases. In 32 homes, we measured NOx (NO and NO2) emissions and found them to be linearly related to the amount of natural gas burned (r2 = 0.76; p ≪ 0.01). Emissions averaged 21.7 [20.5, 22.9] ng NOx J-1, comprised of 7.8 [7.1, 8.4] ng NO2 J-1 and 14.0 [12.8, 15.1] ng NO J-1. Our data suggest that families who don't use their range hoods or who have poor ventilation can surpass the 1-h national standard of NO2 (100 ppb) within a few minutes of stove usage, particularly in smaller kitchens.
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              The effect of clean cooking interventions on mother and child personal exposure to air pollution: Results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS)

              Steven Chillrud, Kenneth Ae-Ngibise, Carlos F. Gould … (2021)
              Background: Clean cooking interventions to reduce air pollution exposure from burning biomass for daily cooking and heating needs have the potential to reduce a large burden of disease globally. Objective: To evaluate the air pollution exposure impacts of a fan-assisted efficient biomass-burning cookstove and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove intervention in rural Ghana. Methods: We randomized 1 414 households in rural Ghana with pregnant mothers into a control arm (N = 526) or one of two clean cooking intervention arms: a fan-assisted efficient biomass-burning cookstove (N = 527) or an LPG stove and cylinder refills as needed (N = 361). We monitored personal maternal carbon monoxide (CO) at baseline and six times after intervention and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure twice after intervention. Children received three CO exposure monitoring sessions. Results: We obtained 5 655 48-hour maternal CO exposure estimates and 1 903 for children, as well as 1 379 maternal PM 2.5 exposure estimates. Median baseline CO exposures in the Control, improved biomass, and LPG arms were 1.17, 1.17, and 1.30 ppm, respectively. Based on a differences-in-differences approach, the LPG arm showed a 47% reduction (95% CI: 34–57%) in mean 48-hr CO exposure compared to the control arm. Mean maternal PM 2.5 exposure in the LPG arm was 32% lower than the control arm during the post-intervention period (52 ± 29 μg/m 3 vs 77 ± 44 μg/m 3 ). The biomass stove did not meaningfully reduce CO or PM 2.5 exposure. Conclusions: We show that LPG interventions lowered air pollution exposure significantly compared to three-stone fires. However, post-intervention exposures still exceeded health-relevant targets. Significance: In a large controlled trial of cleaner cooking interventions, an LPG stove and fuel intervention reduced air pollution exposure in a vulnerable population in a low-resource setting.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Health Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EHP
                Title: Environmental Health Perspectives
                Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
                ISSN (Print): 0091-6765
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-9924
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 February 2024
                Publication date Collection: February 2024
                Volume: 132
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 022001
                Article
                Publisher ID: EHP14180
                DOI: 10.1289/EHP14180
                PMC ID: 10901287
                PubMed ID: 38416539
                SO-VID: b6be37bd-4362-4a8a-9c7f-230dcecc17b8
                License:

                EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

                History
                Date received : 18 October 2023
                Date accepted : 08 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Focus

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

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