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      TB management in the European Union/European Economic Area: a multi-centre survey

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          SUMMARY

          BACKGROUND:

          Essential TB care in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) comprises 21 standards for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of TB that constitute the European Union Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ESTC).

          METHODS:

          In 2017, we conducted an audit on TB management and infection control measures against the ESTC standards. TB reference centres in five EU/EEA countries were purposely selected to represent the heterogeneous European TB burden and examine geographic variability.

          RESULTS:

          Data from 122 patients, diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 with multidrug-resistant TB ( n = 49), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) ( n = 11), pre-XDR-TB ( n = 29) and drug-susceptible TB ( n = 33), showed that TB diagnosis and treatment practices were in general in agreement with the ESTC.

          CONCLUSION:

          Overall, TB management and infection control practices were in agreement with the ESTC in the selected EU/EEA reference centres. Areas for improvement include strengthening of integrated care services and further implementation of patient-centred approaches.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTE :

          Les normes de soins de la TB de l’Union Européenne (ESTC) résument le niveau essentiel des soins de la TB dans l’Union Européenne/la Zone Economique Européenne (EU/EEA) en 21 normes de diagnostic, de traitement et de prévention de la TB.

          MÉTHODES :

          En 2017, nous avons réalisé un audit de la prise en charge de la TB et des mesures de lutte contre l’infection par rapport aux normes de l’ESTC. Les centres de référence TB de cinq pays d’EU/EEA ontété sélectionnés pour représenter le poids hétérogène de la TB en Europe et la variabilité géographique.

          RÉSULTATS :

          Les données de 122 patients, ayant eu, entre 2012 et 2015, un diagnostic de TB multirésistante ( n= 49), extrêmement résistante (XDR-TB) ( n= 11), TB pré-XDR ( n = 29) et pharmacosensible ( n = 33) ont montré que les pratiques du diagnostic et du traitement de la TB ont généralementété en accord avec l’ESTC.

          CONCLUSION :

          Dans l’ensemble, la prise en charge de la TB et les mesures de lutte contre l’infection ontétéen accord avec l’ESTC dans les centres de référence sélectionnés de l’EU/EEA. Les domaines restantà améliorer sont le renforcement des services de prise en charge intégrée et la mise en œuvre accrue d’approches centrées sur le patient.

          Translated abstract

          MARCO DE REFERENCIA:

          Los estándares europeos para el tratamiento de la TB (ESTC) resumen la atención básica de la TB en la Unión Europea y el Espacio Económico Europeo (UE/EEE) en 21 normas para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la prevención de la TB.

          MÉTODO:

          En el 2017, se llevó a cabo un examen del tratamiento de la TB y las medidas de control de infecciones con respecto a los ESTC. Se escogieron de manera deliberada centros de referencia de TB en cinco países de UE/EEE que representaran la heterogeneidad de la carga de morbilidad por TB y la variabilidad geográfica.

          RESULTADOS:

          Los datos de 122 pacientes diagnosticados entre el 2012 y el 2015 con TB multirresistente ( n = 49), TB ultrarresistente (XDRTB) ( n = 11), TB pre-XDR ( n = 29) y TB sensible ( n = 33) pusieron en evidencia que, en general, las prácticas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la TB eran conformes con los ESTC.

          CONCLUSIÓN:

          En general, las prácticas de tratamiento de la TB y de control de infecciones en los centros de referencia escogidos de la UE/EEE están en consonancia con los ESTC. Las esferas que pueden mejorarse son el fortalecimiento de los servicios integrados de atención y una mayor aplicación de los enfoques centrados en el paciente.

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          Most cited references31

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          Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Drug-Susceptible Tuberculosis.

          The American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Infectious Diseases Society of America jointly sponsored the development of this guideline for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, which is also endorsed by the European Respiratory Society and the US National Tuberculosis Controllers Association. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Canadian Thoracic Society, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, and the World Health Organization also participated in the development of the guideline. This guideline provides recommendations on the clinical and public health management of tuberculosis in children and adults in settings in which mycobacterial cultures, molecular and phenotypic drug susceptibility tests, and radiographic studies, among other diagnostic tools, are available on a routine basis. For all recommendations, literature reviews were performed, followed by discussion by an expert committee according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Given the public health implications of prompt diagnosis and effective management of tuberculosis, empiric multidrug treatment is initiated in almost all situations in which active tuberculosis is suspected. Additional characteristics such as presence of comorbidities, severity of disease, and response to treatment influence management decisions. Specific recommendations on the use of case management strategies (including directly observed therapy), regimen and dosing selection in adults and children (daily vs intermittent), treatment of tuberculosis in the presence of HIV infection (duration of tuberculosis treatment and timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy), as well as treatment of extrapulmonary disease (central nervous system, pericardial among other sites) are provided. The development of more potent and better-tolerated drug regimens, optimization of drug exposure for the component drugs, optimal management of tuberculosis in special populations, identification of accurate biomarkers of treatment effect, and the assessment of new strategies for implementing regimens in the field remain key priority areas for research. See the full-text online version of the document for detailed discussion of the management of tuberculosis and recommendations for practice.
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            Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children

            Individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may develop symptoms and signs of disease (tuberculosis disease) or may have no clinical evidence of disease (latent tuberculosis infection [LTBI]). Tuberculosis disease is a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet many questions related to its diagnosis remain.
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              Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries

              This paper describes an action framework for countries with low tuberculosis (TB) incidence (<100 TB cases per million population) that are striving for TB elimination. The framework sets out priority interventions required for these countries to progress first towards “pre-elimination” (<10 cases per million) and eventually the elimination of TB as a public health problem (less than one case per million). TB epidemiology in most low-incidence countries is characterised by a low rate of transmission in the general population, occasional outbreaks, a majority of TB cases generated from progression of latent TB infection (LTBI) rather than local transmission, concentration to certain vulnerable and hard-to-reach risk groups, and challenges posed by cross-border migration. Common health system challenges are that political commitment, funding, clinical expertise and general awareness of TB diminishes as TB incidence falls. The framework presents a tailored response to these challenges, grouped into eight priority action areas: 1) ensure political commitment, funding and stewardship for planning and essential services; 2) address the most vulnerable and hard-to-reach groups; 3) address special needs of migrants and cross-border issues; 4) undertake screening for active TB and LTBI in TB contacts and selected high-risk groups, and provide appropriate treatment; 5) optimise the prevention and care of drug-resistant TB; 6) ensure continued surveillance, programme monitoring and evaluation and case-based data management; 7) invest in research and new tools; and 8) support global TB prevention, care and control. The overall approach needs to be multisectorial, focusing on equitable access to high-quality diagnosis and care, and on addressing the social determinants of TB. Because of increasing globalisation and population mobility, the response needs to have both national and global dimensions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
                Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
                jtld
                Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
                The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
                International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
                1027-3719
                1815-7920
                1 February 2021
                1 February 2021
                : 25
                : 2
                : 126-133
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
                [2 ] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
                [3 ] Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Tradate, Italy
                [4 ] Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland
                [5 ] Verduin Public Health Consult, Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
                [6 ] Regional Health Administration of the North, Department of Public Health, Porto, Portugal
                [7 ] Centre of TB and Lung Diseases, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
                [8 ] National Reference Centre for MDR-TB, Hospital Centre Vila Nova de Gaia, Department of Pneumology; Public Health Science and Medical Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
                [9 ] The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) Programme, Department of Management of Specialized Donor-Funded Programmes, Ministry of Health, Sofia, Bulgaria
                [10 ] Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, L Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
                [11 ] Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
                [12 ] St Sofia University Hospital for Active Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
                [13 ] Division of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Senia Rosales-Klintz, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Gustav III:s 40, 169 73 Solna, Sweden. e-mail: Senia.Rosales-Klintz@ 123456ecdc.europa.eu

                GS, SRK, RC, LDA, MJvdW and GBM contributed equally.

                Article
                i1027-3719-25-2-126
                10.5588/ijtld.20.0849
                7849393
                b59cef8c-2d6e-4b81-9f2e-fa30f2247c45
                © 2021 The Union

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 November 2020
                : 13 November 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Original Articles

                multidrug-resistant tb,extensively drug-resistant tb,tb-hiv co-infection,infection control,workplace safety

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