Social network moderators of the association between Ghanaian older adults’ neighbourhood walkability and social activity

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Summary

This study examined the moderating influences of active social networks (ASN), sedentary social networks (SSN) and ASN lost on the relationship between neighbourhood walkability and social activity in community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or more in Accra, Ghana. A total of 863 individuals participated after G*Power 3.1 was utilized to calculate the minimum sample size. We analysed the data with Pearson’s correlation test and hierarchical linear regression models. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to select the ultimate confounding variables. The study found a positive influence of neighbourhood walkability on social activity after the covariate adjustment (β = 0.18; t = 5.2; p = 0.000). The positive influence of neighbourhood walkability on social activity was significantly reduced by ASN lost and SSN. ASN did not have a significant moderating influence on the primary relationship. The study concludes that the positive influence of walkable neighbourhoods on social activity decreases as SSN and ASN lost increase.

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The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation

Paul Madley-Dowd, Rachael Hughes, Kate Tilling … (2019)

Objectives Researchers are concerned whether multiple imputation (MI) or complete case analysis should be used when a large proportion of data are missing. We aimed to provide guidance for drawing conclusions from data with a large proportion of missingness. Study Design and Setting Via simulations, we investigated how the proportion of missing data, the fraction of missing information (FMI), and availability of auxiliary variables affected MI performance. Outcome data were missing completely at random or missing at random (MAR). Results Provided sufficient auxiliary information was available; MI was beneficial in terms of bias and never detrimental in terms of efficiency. Models with similar FMI values, but differing proportions of missing data, also had similar precision for effect estimates. In the absence of bias, the FMI was a better guide to the efficiency gains using MI than the proportion of missing data. Conclusion We provide evidence that for MAR data, valid MI reduces bias even when the proportion of missingness is large. We advise researchers to use FMI to guide choice of auxiliary variables for efficiency gain in imputation analyses, and that sensitivity analyses including different imputation models may be needed if the number of complete cases is small.

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Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

David Barnett, Anthony Barnett, Andrea Nathan … (2017)

Background Identifying attributes of the built environment associated with health-enhancing levels of physical activity (PA) in older adults (≥65 years old) has the potential to inform interventions supporting healthy and active ageing. The aim of this study was to first systematically review and quantify findings on built environmental correlates of older adults’ PA, and second, investigate differences by type of PA and environmental attribute measurement. Methods One hundred articles from peer-reviewed and grey literature examining built environmental attributes related to total PA met inclusion criteria and relevant information was extracted. Findings were meta-analysed and weighted by article quality and sample size and then stratified by PA and environmental measurement method. Associations (p < .05) were found in relation to 26 individual built environmental attributes across six categories (walkability, residential density/urbanisation, street connectivity, access to/availability of destinations and services, infrastructure and streetscape, and safety) and total PA and walking specifically. Reported individual- and environmental-level moderators were also examined. Results Positive environmental correlates of PA, ranked by strength of evidence, were: walkability (p < .001), safety from crime (p < .001), overall access to destinations and services (p < .001), recreational facilities (p < .001), parks/public open space (p = .002) and shops/commercial destinations (p = .006), greenery and aesthetically pleasing scenery (p = .004), walk-friendly infrastructure (p = .009), and access to public transport (p = .016). There were 26 individual differences in the number of significant associations when the type of PA and environmental measurement method was considered. No consistent moderating effects on the association between built environmental attributes and PA were found. Conclusions Safe, walkable, and aesthetically pleasing neighbourhoods, with access to overall and specific destinations and services positively influenced older adults’ PA participation. However, when considering the environmental attributes that were sufficiently studied (i.e., in ≥5 separate findings), the strength of evidence of associations of specific categories of environment attributes with PA differed across PA and environmental measurement types. Future research should be mindful of these differences in findings and identify the underlying mechanisms. Higher quality research is also needed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0558-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhoods.

Kevin M. Leyden (2003)

I sought to examine whether pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use neighborhoods encourage enhanced levels of social and community engagement (i.e., social capital). The study investigated the relationship between neighborhood design and individual levels of social capital. Data were obtained from a household survey that measured the social capital of citizens living in neighborhoods that ranged from traditional, mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented designs to modern, car-dependent suburban subdivisions in Galway, Ireland. The analyses indicate that persons living in walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods have higher levels of social capital compared with those living in car-oriented suburbs. Respondents living in walkable neighborhoods were more likely to know their neighbors, participate politically, trust others, and be socially engaged. Walkable, mixed-use neighborhood designs can encourage the development of social capital.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Nestor Asiamah: (View ORCID Profile)

Andrew Kweku Conduah: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Title: Health Promotion International

Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

ISSN (Electronic): 1460-2245

Publication date Created: October 01 2021

Publication date Created: October 13 2021

Publication date Created: February 01 2021

Publication date Other: October 01 2021

Publication date (Print): October 13 2021

Publication date (Electronic): February 01 2021

Volume: 36

Issue: 5

Pages: 1357-1367

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Health and Care Professions, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

[2 ]Institute of Work, Employment & Society (IWES), University of Professional Studies, Legon, Accra, Ghana

[3 ]Africa Centre for Epidemiology, Gerontology and Geriatric Care, Accra, Ghana

Article

DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa156

PubMed ID: 33517412

SO-VID: b4e6a0e6-b76e-4737-b812-9162e8c00434

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https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

Social network moderators of the association between Ghanaian older adults’ neighbourhood walkability and social activity

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Most cited references 38

The proportion of missing data should not be used to guide decisions on multiple imputation

Built environmental correlates of older adults’ total physical activity and walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhoods.

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