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      Timing of first antenatal care visits and number of items of antenatal care contents received and associated factors in Ethiopia: multilevel mixed effects analysis Translated title: Zeitpunkt der ersten Besuche bei der Schwangerenvorsorge und Anzahl der erhaltenen Inhalte der Schwangerenvorsorge und damit verbundene Faktoren in Äthiopien: Mehrebenenanalyse mit gemischten Effekten

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          Abstract

          Background

          Receiving quality antenatal care (ANC) from skilled providers is essential to ensure the critical health circumstances of a pregnant woman and her child . Thus, this study attempted to assess which risk factors are significantly associated with the timing of antenatal care and the number of items of antenatal care content received from skilled providers in recent pregnancies among mothers in Ethiopia.

          Methods

          The data was extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 6645 mothers were included in the analysis. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analysis and multilevel mixed Negative binomial models were fitted to find the factors associated with the timing and items of the content of ANC services. The 95% Confidence Interval of Odds Ratio/Incidence Rate Ratio, excluding one, was reported as significant.

          Results

          About 20% of the mothers initiated ANC within the first trimester, and only 53% received at least four items of antenatal care content. Being rural residents (IRR = 0.82; 95%CI: 0.75–0.90), wanting no more children (IRR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.79–0.96), and the husband being the sole decision maker of health care (IRR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.81–0.96), were associated with reduced items of ANC content received. Further, birth order of six or more (IRR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.56–0.96), rural residence (IRR = 0.0.41; 95%CI: 0.34–0.51), and wanting no more children (IRR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.48–0.77) were associated with delayed antenatal care utilization.

          Conclusions

          Rural residences, the poorest household wealth status, no education level of mothers or partners, unexposed to mass media, unwanted pregnancy, mothers without decision-making power, and considerable distance to the nearest health facility have a significant impact on delaying the timing of ANC visits and reducing the number of items of ANC received in Ethiopia. Mothers should start an antenatal care visit early to ensure that a mother receives all of the necessary components of ANC treatment during her pregnancy.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-021-01275-9.

          Plain language summary

          The third Sustainable Development Goals prioritizes maternal mortality reduction, intending to lower the worldwide maternal mortality rate to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Regular antenatal care from a skilled provider reduces maternal mortality by 20%. The overall quality of ANC service is determined collectively by the timing of ANC, and the contents of ANC received. Though there is an increase in ANC visits and the quality of services received, only 74% of women who gave birth in 2019 received antenatal care from a skilled provider, ranging from 85% in the urban to 70% in the rural. Thus, the quality and content of care might remain poor while the coverage of ANC visits is high. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the levels and risk factors that affect the timing of ANC visits and contents to assess the quality of ANC services. This is the focus of the current study's research. In this study, nationally representative data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was employed. Our study shows that rural residences, the poorest wealth quintile, no education level, unexposed to mass media, unwanted pregnancy, without decision-making power, and being far from the nearest health facility were found to be factors that hinder early initiation of ANC visits and reduce the number of items of ANC received. In conclusion, we ought to initiate an ANC visit early for a frequent antenatal care visit so that a mother will receive the necessary ANC components.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-021-01275-9.

          Translated abstract

          Hintergrund

          Eine qualitativ hochwertige Schwangerenvorsorge (ANC) durch qualifizierte Anbieter ist für die Sicherung der kritischen Gesundheitslage einer schwangeren Frau und ihres Kindes unerlässlich. In dieser Studie wurde daher untersucht, welche Risikofaktoren bei Müttern in Äthiopien in signifikantem Zusammenhang mit dem Zeitpunkt der Schwangerenvorsorge und der Anzahl der Inhalte der Schwangerenvorsorge stehen, die in den letzten Schwangerschaften von qualifizierten Anbietern durchgeführt wurden.

          Methoden

          Die Daten wurden aus dem Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 extrahiert. Insgesamt wurden 6645 Mütter in die Analyse einbezogen. Es wurden mehrstufige logistische Regressionsanalysen mit gemischten Effekten und mehrstufige gemischte negative Binomialmodelle verwendet, um die Faktoren zu ermitteln, die mit dem Zeitpunkt und den Inhalten der ANC-Leistungen in Verbindung stehen. Das 95%ige Konfidenzintervall der Odds Ratio/Inzidenzrate, mit Ausnahme von einem, wurde als signifikant angegeben.

          Ergebnisse

          Etwa 20% der Mütter begannen die ANC innerhalb des ersten Trimesters, und nur 53% erhielten mindestens vier Elemente der Schwangerenvorsorge. Die Tatsache, dass die Mütter auf dem Land wohnten (IRR = 0,82; 95%CI: 0,75–0,90), keine weiteren Kinder wollten (IRR = 0,87; 95%CI: 0,79–0,96) und der Ehemann der alleinige Entscheidungsträger für die Gesundheitsfürsorge war (IRR = 0,88; 95%CI: 0,81–0,96), war mit einer geringeren Anzahl an erhaltenen ANC-Inhalten verbunden. Außerdem waren die Reihenfolge der Geburten von sechs oder mehr (IRR = 0,74; 95%CI: 0,56–0,96), der Wohnsitz auf dem Land (IRR = 0,0,41; 95%CI: 0,34–0,51) und der Wunsch, keine weiteren Kinder zu bekommen (IRR = 0,61; 95%CI: 0,48–0,77) mit einer verzögerten Inanspruchnahme der Schwangerenvorsorge verbunden.

          Schlussfolgerungen

          Ländliche Wohnorte, der geringste Wohlstand des Haushalts, kein Bildungsniveau der Mütter oder Partner, keine Exposition gegenüber Massenmedien, ungewollte Schwangerschaft, Mütter ohne Entscheidungsbefugnis und eine große Entfernung zur nächsten Gesundheitseinrichtung haben in Äthiopien einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Verzögerung von ANC-Besuchen und die Verringerung der Anzahl der erhaltenen ANC-Posten. Die Mütter sollten frühzeitig mit der Schwangerenvorsorge beginnen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie während ihrer Schwangerschaft alle notwendigen Bestandteile der ANC-Behandlung erhalten.

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          Most cited references36

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          Likelihood Ratio Tests for Model Selection and Non-Nested Hypotheses

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            Intermediate and advanced topics in multilevel logistic regression analysis

            Multilevel data occur frequently in health services, population and public health, and epidemiologic research. In such research, binary outcomes are common. Multilevel logistic regression models allow one to account for the clustering of subjects within clusters of higher‐level units when estimating the effect of subject and cluster characteristics on subject outcomes. A search of the PubMed database demonstrated that the use of multilevel or hierarchical regression models is increasing rapidly. However, our impression is that many analysts simply use multilevel regression models to account for the nuisance of within‐cluster homogeneity that is induced by clustering. In this article, we describe a suite of analyses that can complement the fitting of multilevel logistic regression models. These ancillary analyses permit analysts to estimate the marginal or population‐average effect of covariates measured at the subject and cluster level, in contrast to the within‐cluster or cluster‐specific effects arising from the original multilevel logistic regression model. We describe the interval odds ratio and the proportion of opposed odds ratios, which are summary measures of effect for cluster‐level covariates. We describe the variance partition coefficient and the median odds ratio which are measures of components of variance and heterogeneity in outcomes. These measures allow one to quantify the magnitude of the general contextual effect. We describe an R 2 measure that allows analysts to quantify the proportion of variation explained by different multilevel logistic regression models. We illustrate the application and interpretation of these measures by analyzing mortality in patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. © 2017 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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              Determinants of antenatal care utilisation in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

              Objectives To identify the determinants of antenatal care (ANC) utilisation in sub-Saharan Africa. Design Systematic review. Data sources Databases searched were PubMed, OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria Primary studies reporting on determinants of ANC utilisation following multivariate analysis, conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and published in English language between 2008 and 2018. Data extraction and synthesis A data extraction form was used to extract the following information: name of first author, year of publication, study location, study design, study subjects, sample size and determinants. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist for reporting a systematic review or meta-analysis protocol was used to guide the screening and eligibility of the studies. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the quality of the studies while the Andersen framework was used to report findings. Results 74 studies that met the inclusion criteria were fully assessed. Most studies identified socioeconomic status, urban residence, older/increasing age, low parity, being educated and having an educated partner, being employed, being married and Christian religion as predictors of ANC attendance and timeliness. Awareness of danger signs, timing and adequate number of antenatal visits, exposure to mass media and good attitude towards ANC utilisation made attendance and initiation of ANC in first trimester more likely. Having an unplanned pregnancy, previous pregnancy complications, poor autonomy, lack of husband’s support, increased distance to health facility, not having health insurance and high cost of services negatively impacted the overall uptake, timing and frequency of antenatal visits. Conclusion A variety of predisposing, enabling and need factors affect ANC utilisation in sub-Saharan Africa. Intersectoral collaboration to promote female education and empowerment, improve geographical access and strengthened implementation of ANC policies with active community participation are recommended.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                berteshome19@gmail.com
                tadeayele2003@gmail.com
                Journal
                Reprod Health
                Reprod Health
                Reproductive Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1742-4755
                17 November 2021
                17 November 2021
                2021
                : 18
                : 233
                Affiliations
                Salale University, Fitche, Oromiya Ethiopia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1930-5432
                Article
                1275
                10.1186/s12978-021-01275-9
                8596955
                34789283
                b117106e-572b-4e80-b9e6-7cff3be9680d
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 2 July 2021
                : 25 October 2021
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                antenatal care,contents of antenatal care,timing of antenatal care,schwangerenvorsorge,inhalte der schwangerenvorsorge,zeitplan der schwangerenvorsorge

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