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      Nutraceuticals : An Alternative Strategy for the Use of Antimicrobials

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          Abstract

          Livestock industries strive to improve the health of their animals and, in the future, they are going to be required to do this with a continued reduction in antimicrobial use. Nutraceuticals represent a group of compounds that may help fill that void because they exert some health benefits when supplemented to livestock. This review is focused on the mechanisms of action, specifically related to the immune responses and health of ruminants. The nutraceutical classes discussed include probiotics, prebiotics, phytonutrients (essential oils and spices), and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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          Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production.

          Francesca Gaggìa, Paola Mattarelli, Bruno Biavati (2010)
          Recent outbreaks of food-borne diseases highlight the need for reducing bacterial pathogens in foods of animal origin. Animal enteric pathogens are a direct source for food contamination. The ban of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) has been a challenge for animal nutrition increasing the need to find alternative methods to control and prevent pathogenic bacterial colonization. The modulation of the gut microbiota with new feed additives, such as probiotics and prebiotics, towards host-protecting functions to support animal health, is a topical issue in animal breeding and creates fascinating possibilities. Although the knowledge on the effects of such feed additives has increased, essential information concerning their impact on the host are, to date, incomplete. For the future, the most important target, within probiotic and prebiotic research, is a demonstrated health-promoting benefit supported by knowledge on the mechanistic actions. Genomic-based knowledge on the composition and functions of the gut microbiota, as well as its deviations, will advance the selection of new and specific probiotics. Potential combinations of suitable probiotics and prebiotics may prove to be the next step to reduce the risk of intestinal diseases and remove specific microbial disorders. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on the contribution of the gut microbiota to host well-being. Moreover, we review available information on probiotics and prebiotics and their application in animal feeding. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 225 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Dectin-1 mediates macrophage recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments.

            Benjamin N. Gantner, Randi M. Simmons, David M. Underhill (2005)
            The ability of Candida albicans to rapidly and reversibly switch between yeast and filamentous morphologies is crucial to pathogenicity, and it is thought that the filamentous morphology provides some advantage during interaction with the mammalian immune system. Dectin-1 is a receptor that binds beta-glucans and is important for macrophage phagocytosis of fungi. The receptor also collaborates with Toll-like receptors for inflammatory activation of phagocytes by fungi. We show that yeast cell wall beta-glucan is largely shielded from Dectin-1 by outer wall components. However, the normal mechanisms of yeast budding and cell separation create permanent scars which expose sufficient beta-glucan to trigger antimicrobial responses through Dectin-1, including phagocytosis and activation of reactive oxygen production. During filamentous growth, no cell separation or subsequent beta-glucan exposure occurs, and the pathogen fails to activate Dectin-1. The data demonstrate a mechanism by which C. albicans shape alone directly contributes to the method by which phagocytes recognize the fungus.
            Article 0 comments Cited 173 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is predominantly expressed on the surface of cells of the monocyte/macrophage and neutrophil lineages.

              Luisa Martínez-Pomares, Ronald K. Taylor, Edward Wong … (2002)
              We recently identified dectin-1 (betaGR) as a major beta-glucan receptor on leukocytes and demonstrated that it played a significant role in the non-opsonic recognition of soluble and particulate beta-glucans. Using a novel mAb (2A11) raised against betaGR, we show here that the receptor is not dendritic cell-restricted as first reported, but is broadly expressed, with highest surface expression on populations of myeloid cells (monocyte/macrophage (Mphi) and neutrophil lineages). Dendritic cells and a subpopulation of T cells also expressed the betaGR, but at lower levels. Alveolar Mphi, like inflammatory Mphi, exhibited the highest surface expression of betaGR, indicative of a role for this receptor in immune surveillance. In contrast, resident peritoneal Mphi expressed much lower levels of betaGR on the cell surface. Characterization of the nonopsonic recognition of zymosan by resident peritoneal Mphi suggested the existence of an additional beta-glucan-independent mechanism of zymosan binding that was not observed on elicited or bone marrow-derived Mphi. Although this recognition could be inhibited by mannan, we were able to exclude involvement of the Mphi mannose receptor and complement receptor 3 in this process. These observations imply the existence of an additional mannan-dependent receptor involved in the recognition of zymosan by resident peritoneal Mphi.
              Article 0 comments Cited 121 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Michael A. Ballou
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract
                Title: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 0749-0720
                ISSN (Electronic): 1558-4240
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 October 2019
                Publication date (Print): November 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 October 2019
                Volume: 35
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 507-534
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. michael.ballou@ 123456ttu.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0749-0720(19)30031-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.004
                PMC ID: 7127241
                PubMed ID: 31590900
                SO-VID: afa1bfd8-f25e-4651-9964-5fbd24b4b6e7
                Copyright © © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Article

                Keywords: health,immune,nutraceutical,probiotic,prebiotic,phytonutrient,polyunsaturated fatty acid
                Data availability:
                Keywords: health, immune, nutraceutical, probiotic, prebiotic, phytonutrient, polyunsaturated fatty acid

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