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      Risk of injury for bicycling on cycle tracks versus in the street

      brief-report

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          Abstract

          Most individuals prefer bicycling separated from motor traffic. However, cycle tracks (physically separated bicycle-exclusive paths along roads, as found in The Netherlands) are discouraged in the USA by engineering guidance that suggests that facilities such as cycle tracks are more dangerous than the street. The objective of this study conducted in Montreal (with a longstanding network of cycle tracks) was to compare bicyclist injury rates on cycle tracks versus in the street. For six cycle tracks and comparable reference streets, vehicle/bicycle crashes and health record injury counts were obtained and use counts conducted. The relative risk (RR) of injury on cycle tracks, compared with reference streets, was determined. Overall, 2.5 times as many cyclists rode on cycle tracks compared with reference streets and there were 8.5 injuries and 10.5 crashes per million bicycle-kilometres. The RR of injury on cycle tracks was 0.72 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.85) compared with bicycling in reference streets. These data suggest that the injury risk of bicycling on cycle tracks is less than bicycling in streets. The construction of cycle tracks should not be discouraged.

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          Promoting transportation cycling for women: the role of bicycle infrastructure.

          Jan Garrard, Geoffrey A. Rose, Sing Lo (2008)
          Females are substantially less likely than males to cycle for transport in countries with low bicycle transport mode share. We investigated whether female commuter cyclists were more likely to use bicycle routes that provide separation from motor vehicle traffic. Census of cyclists observed at 15 locations (including off-road bicycle paths, on-road lanes and roads with no bicycle facilities) within a 7.4 km radius of the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne, Australia, during peak commuting times in February 2004. 6589 cyclists were observed, comprising 5229 males (79.4%) and 1360 females (20.6%). After adjustment for distance of the bicycle facility from the CBD, females showed a preference for using off-road paths rather than roads with no bicycle facilities (odds ratio [OR]=1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 1.83), or roads with on-road bicycle lanes (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.75). Consistent with gender differences in risk aversion, female commuter cyclists preferred to use routes with maximum separation from motorized traffic. Improved cycling infrastructure in the form of bicycle paths and lanes that provide a high degree of separation from motor traffic is likely to be important for increasing transportation cycling amongst under-represented population groups such as women.
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            Route preferences among adults in the near market for bicycling: findings of the cycling in cities study.

            Meghan Winters, Kay Teschke (2015)
            To provide evidence about the types of transportation infrastructure that support bicycling. Population-based survey with pictures to depict 16 route types. Metro Vancouver, Canada. 1402 adult current and potential cyclists, i.e., the "near market" for cycling (representing 31% of the population). Preference scores for each infrastructure type (scale from -1, very unlikely to use, to +1, very likely to use); current frequency of use of each infrastructure type (mean number of times/y). Descriptive statistics across demographic segments; multiple linear regression. Most respondents were likely or very likely to choose to cycle on the following broad route categories: off-street paths (71%-85% of respondents); physically separated routes next to major roads (71%); and residential routes (48%-65%). Rural roads (21%-49%) and routes on major streets (16%-52%) were least likely to be chosen. Within the broad categories, routes with traffic calming, bike lanes, paved surfaces, and no on-street parking were preferred, resulting in increases in likelihood of choosing the route from 12% to 37%. Findings indicate a marked disparity between preferred cycling infrastructure and the route types that were currently available and commonly used. This study provides evidence for urban planners about bicycling infrastructure designs that could lead to an increase in active transportation.
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              Bicycle riding, walking, and weight gain in premenopausal women.

              Anne Lusk, Walter C. Willett, Rania Mekary … (2010)
              To our knowledge, research has not been conducted on bicycle riding and weight control in comparison with walking. Our objective was to assess the association between bicycle riding and weight control in premenopausal women. This was a 16-year follow-up study of 18,414 women in the Nurses' Health Study II. Weight change between 1989 and 2005 was the primary outcome, and the odds of gaining more than 5% of baseline body weight by 2005 was the secondary outcome. At baseline, only 39% of participants walked briskly, while only 1.2% bicycled for more than 30 min/d. For a 30-min/d increase in activity between 1989 and 2005, weight gain was significantly less for brisk walking (-1.81 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.05 to -1.56 kg), bicycling (-1.59 kg; 95% CI, -2.09 to -1.08 kg), and other activities (-1.45 kg; 95% CI, -1.66 to -1.24 kg) but not for slow walking (+0.06 kg; 95% CI, -0.22 to 0.35 kg). Women who reported no bicycling in 1989 and increased to as little as 5 min/d in 2005 gained less weight (-0.74 kg; 95% CI, -1.41 to -0.07 kg; P value for trend, <.01) than those who remained nonbikers. Normal-weight women who bicycled more than 4 h/wk in 2005 had a lower odds of gaining more than 5% of their baseline body weight (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.98) compared with those who reported no bicycling; overweight and obese women had a lower odds at 2 to 3 h/wk (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.86). Bicycling, similar to brisk walking, is associated with less weight gain and an inverse dose-response relationship exists, especially among overweight and obese women. Future research should focus on brisk walking and greater time spent bicycling.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Inj Prev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ip
                Journal ID (hwp): injuryprev
                Title: Injury Prevention
                Publisher: BMJ Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Print): 1353-8047
                ISSN (Electronic): 1475-5785
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 February 2011
                Publication date (Print): April 2011
                Publication date PMC-release: 9 February 2011
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 131-135
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
                [2 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
                [3 ]Direction de santé publique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
                [4 ]Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
                [5 ]Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
                [6 ]Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
                [7 ]Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
                [8 ]Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Dr Anne Lusk, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building II, Room 314, Boston, MA 02115, USA; annelusk@ 123456hsph.harvard.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: injuryprev28696
                DOI: 10.1136/ip.2010.028696
                PMC ID: 3064866
                PubMed ID: 21307080
                SO-VID: afa1971e-0dce-4f06-bcca-cc84d1689d58
                Copyright © © 2011, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

                History
                Date accepted : 1 December 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Report
                Subject: 1507
                Subject: 1506
                Custom metadata
                special-feature editors-choice

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: engineering,public health,environment,bicycle,safe community
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: engineering, public health, environment, bicycle, safe community

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