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Abstract

Background. Though World Health Organization recommends 100% voluntary blood donation, the percentage of blood collected from voluntary blood donors and the average annual blood collection rate are extremely low in Ethiopia. The role of adults is crucial to meet the demand of safe blood. Thus, this study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of adult population towards blood donation in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Method. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 768 adults. Multistage sampling technique together with simple random and systematic random sampling technique was employed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and bivariate correlation analysis were done. Result. About 436 (56.8%), 630 (82%), and 141 (18.4%) study participants had adequate knowledge, good attitude, and experience of blood donation, respectively. Secondary and higher educational statuses were significantly associated with adequate knowledge towards blood donation. Participants who were protestant by religion were more likely to have good attitude towards blood donation. Age, self-perceived health status, and religion were significantly associated with blood donation practice. Conclusion. Knowledge and attitude towards blood donation are high. However, the level of practice is low. District and national blood banks and transfusion agency should design strategies that promote and motivate the communities to donate blood.

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A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood.

Charles Hillman, Keita Kamijo, Mark R. Scudder (2011)

A growing body of research has detailed the beneficial relation of chronic participation in--and acute responses to--physical activity on aspects of cognition that underlie scholastic achievement. Here, we review the relevant neuroelectric findings on this beneficial relation in children, providing support for the influence of physical activity on specific cognitive processes that comprise academic performance. A review of studies examining physical activity and neuroelectric concomitants of cognition during childhood is described. When applicable, research involving adult populations is also described to better inform on this relationship in children. Collectively, the data support a beneficial relation of chronic and acute participation in physical activity to brain health and cognition. The results suggest more effective allocation of cognitive processes involved in stimulus engagement and action monitoring during tasks requiring variable amounts of cognitive control in children. Physical activity may influence brain health and cognition in children, leading to enhanced scholastic performance and greater overall effective functioning across the lifespan. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: the contribution of ineffective blood transfusion services.

I Bates, G K Chapotera, S J McKew … (2008)

In sub-Saharan Africa, where blood supply is critically inadequate, severe haemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal deaths. The aim of this review was to estimate the impact of lack of blood on maternal deaths and identify reasons and potential solutions. Databases and websites from 1970 to 2007 were searched for information concerning maternal deaths and near misses due to haemorrhage in sub-Saharan Africa. Original studies that provided qualitative or quantitative information about blood transfusion services in relation to obstetric deaths or near misses were included. Data about maternal haemorrhage deaths associated with lack of blood for transfusion and reasons for blood shortages were extracted from the full text of articles by two independent reviewers using predesigned, piloted forms. Twenty of 37 selected studies described a direct association between maternal deaths and lack of blood transfusions. Five of 37 provided quantitative information which showed that overall 26% (16-72%) of maternal haemorrhage deaths were due to lack of blood. Reasons included nonaffordability of blood, lack of blood donors, unwillingness of relatives to donate and inadequate supplies and transport. Lack of blood for emergency transfusions is a major, but poorly quantified and under-researched cause of maternal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. Potential solutions include more blood donations, better financing mechanisms and more efficient management systems. Complementary approaches to prevent severe anaemia and treat hypovolaemia are important to reduce use of transfusions.

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The challenges of meeting the blood transfusion requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa: the need for the development of alternatives to allogenic blood

Erhabor Osaro, Adias Teddy Charles (2011)

As a resource, allogenic blood has never been more in demand than it is today. Escalating elective surgery, shortages arising from a fall in supply, a lack of national blood transfusion services, policies, appropriate infrastructure, trained personnel, and financial resources to support the running of a voluntary nonremunerated donor transfusion service, and old and emerging threats of transfusion-transmitted infection, have all conspired to ensure that allogenic blood remains very much a vital but limited asset to healthcare delivery particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is further aggravated by the predominance of family replacement and commercially remunerated blood donors, rather than regular benevolent, nonremunerated donors who give blood out of altruism. The demand for blood transfusion is high in Sub-Saharan Africa because of the high prevalence of anemia especially due to malaria and pregnancy-related complications. All stakeholders in blood transfusion have a significant challenge to apply the best available evidenced-based medical practices to the world-class management of this precious product in a bid to using blood more appropriately. Physicians in Sub-Saharan Africa must always keep in mind that the first and foremost strategy to avoid transfusion of allogenic blood is their thorough understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in anemia and coagulopathy, and their thoughtful adherence to the evidenced-based good practices used in the developed world in a bid to potentially reduce the likelihood of allogenic blood transfusion in many patient groups. There is an urgent need to develop innovative ways to recruit and retain voluntary low-risk blood donors. Concerns about adverse effects of allogenic blood transfusion should prompt a review of transfusion practices and justify the need to search for transfusion alternatives to decrease or avoid the use of allogenic blood. These strategies should include the correction of anemia using pharmacological measures (use of antifibrinolytics to prevent bleeding and the use of erythropoietin and oral and intravenous iron to treat anemia) use of nonpharmacologic measures (preoperative autologous blood transfusion, perioperative red blood cell salvage and normothermia to reduce blood loss in surgical patients). All these strategies will help optimize the use of the limited blood stocks.

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PubMed ID:: 27516920

PMC ID:: 4969535

DOI:: 10.1155/2016/7949862

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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Adult Population towards Blood Donation in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study

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Most cited references 32

A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood.

Maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: the contribution of ineffective blood transfusion services.

The challenges of meeting the blood transfusion requirements in Sub-Saharan Africa: the need for the development of alternatives to allogenic blood

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