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      A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel

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          Abstract

          Tsunami events in antiquity had a profound influence on coastal societies. Six thousand years of historical records and geological data show that tsunamis are a common phenomenon affecting the eastern Mediterranean coastline. However, the possible impact of older tsunamis on prehistoric societies has not been investigated. Here we report, based on optically stimulated luminescence chronology, the earliest documented Holocene tsunami event, between 9.91 to 9.29 ka (kilo-annum), from the eastern Mediterranean at Dor, Israel. Tsunami debris from the early Neolithic is composed of marine sand embedded within fresh-brackish wetland deposits. Global and local sea-level curves for the period, 9.91–9.29 ka, as well as surface elevation reconstructions, show that the tsunami had a run-up of at least ~16 m and traveled between 3.5 to 1.5 km inland from the palaeo-coastline. Submerged slump scars on the continental slope, 16 km west of Dor, point to the nearby “Dor-complex” as a likely cause. The near absence of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A-B archaeological sites (11.70–9.80 cal. ka) suggest these sites were removed by the tsunami, whereas younger, late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B-C (9.25–8.35 cal. ka) and later Pottery-Neolithic sites (8.25–7.80 cal. ka) indicate resettlement following the event. The large run-up of this event highlights the disruptive impact of tsunamis on past societies along the Levantine coast.

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          Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Methodology
                Role: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Validation
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Methodology
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                23 December 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 12
                : e0243619
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Anthropology, Scripps Center for Marine Archaeology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Maritime Civilizations, L.H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
                [3 ] The Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies (RIMS), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
                [4 ] Scripps Center for Marine Archaeology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
                [5 ] Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, L.H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
                [6 ] Department of Geosciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
                [7 ] Levant and Cyber-Archaeology Laboratory, Scripps Center for Marine Archaeology, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
                [8 ] The Hatter department of Marine Technologies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
                [9 ] Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
                University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: We declare that we the authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-7872
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-0395
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1592-3679
                Article
                PONE-D-20-29118
                10.1371/journal.pone.0243619
                7757801
                33362214
                ae155933-b948-41ee-b7ef-be9393857ecd
                © 2020 Shtienberg et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 September 2020
                : 24 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Israel Science Foundation
                Award ID: 495/18
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001212, Koret Foundation;
                Award ID: 19-0295
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Murray Galinson San Diego – Israel Initiative
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Israel Institute (Washington, D.C.)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Marian Scheuer-Sofaer and Abraham Sofaer Foundation
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Norma and Reuben Kershaw Family Foundation
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ellen Lehman and Charles Kennel - Alan G Lehman and Jane A Lehman Foundation
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Paul and Margaret Meyer
                Award Recipient :
                The Authors gratefully acknowledge the generous support provided by Scripps Center for Marine Archaeology, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego; The Koret Foundation (Grant ID 19-0295); Murray Galinson San Diego – Israel Initiative; the Israel Institute (Washington, D.C.); Marian Scheuer-Sofaer and Abraham Sofaer Foundation; Norma and Reuben Kershaw Family Foundation; Ellen Lehman and Charles Kennel - Alan G Lehman and Jane A Lehman Foundation; Paul and Margaret Meyer and the Israel Science Foundation (Grant ID 495/18).
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Stone Age
                Neolithic Period
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Electromagnetic Radiation
                Luminescence
                Optically Stimulated Luminescence
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Luminescence Dating
                Optically Stimulated Luminescence
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Wetlands
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Wetlands
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Landforms
                Wetlands
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Petrology
                Sediment
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Sedimentary Geology
                Sediment
                Earth Sciences
                Geophysics
                Seismology
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Geophysics
                Seismology
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Cenozoic Era
                Quaternary Period
                Holocene Epoch
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biophysics
                Dosimetry
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Biophysics
                Dosimetry
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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