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      Cyber-Routines, Political Attitudes, and Exposure to Violence-Advocating Online Extremism

      1 , 2 , 3
      Social Forces
      Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          The Internet’s relatively unfettered transmission of information risks exposing individuals to extremist content. Using online survey data (N = 768) of American youth and young adults, we examine factors that bring individuals into contact with online material advocating violence. Combining aspects of social structure-social learning theory with insights from routine activity theory, we find that exposure to violence-advocating materials is positively correlated with online behaviors, including the use of social media platforms and the virtual spaces individuals frequent. Target antagonism is also correlated with exposure to violence-advocating materials, but guardianship and online and offline associations are not. Finally, feelings of dissatisfaction with major social institutions and economic disengagement are associated with exposure to violent materials online.

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          Most cited references63

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          Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach

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            Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression.

            The rule of thumb that logistic and Cox models should be used with a minimum of 10 outcome events per predictor variable (EPV), based on two simulation studies, may be too conservative. The authors conducted a large simulation study of other influences on confidence interval coverage, type I error, relative bias, and other model performance measures. They found a range of circumstances in which coverage and bias were within acceptable levels despite less than 10 EPV, as well as other factors that were as influential as or more influential than EPV. They conclude that this rule can be relaxed, in particular for sensitivity analyses undertaken to demonstrate adequate control of confounding.
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              Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy.

              It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Social Forces
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                0037-7732
                1534-7605
                September 2019
                September 01 2019
                December 12 2018
                September 2019
                September 01 2019
                December 12 2018
                : 98
                : 1
                : 329-354
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Virginia Tech University
                [2 ]University of California
                [3 ]Clemson University
                Article
                10.1093/sf/soy115
                adf8fc96-048f-4e76-8aa3-98ee1efe8c10
                © 2018

                https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model

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