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      Plastic and its consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          During the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19, the important role of plastic becomes evident since vital equipment such as respirators have plastic parts, as well as personal protective equipment (PPE), which avoids the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is made of plastic. So, plastic during a pandemic is considered a life savior in the struggle against the virus. However, the same material that is a protector becomes a polluter when inadequately disposed of in the environment, generating or worsening socio-environmental problems, such as pollution of water bodies by plastic. This work proposes a reflection about the role and the importance of plastic in our society, bringing an overview of its main applications and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic, correlating its use with aspects related to environmental problems and public health. Some questions revolving around the concerns caused by plastic pollution are posed, and some possible solutions to the problems are outlined.

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          Most cited references49

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          Is Open Access

          Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made

          We present the first ever global account of the production, use, and end-of-life fate of all plastics ever made by humankind.
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            Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions.

            The presence of microplastics in the marine environment poses a great threat to the entire ecosystem and has received much attention lately as the presence has greatly impacted oceans, lakes, seas, rivers, coastal areas and even the Polar Regions. Microplastics are found in most commonly utilized products (primary microplastics), or may originate from the fragmentation of larger plastic debris (secondary microplastics). The material enters the marine environment through terrestrial and land-based activities, especially via runoffs and is known to have great impact on marine organisms as studies have shown that large numbers of marine organisms have been affected by microplastics. Microplastic particles have been found distributed in large numbers in Africa, Asia, Southeast Asia, India, South Africa, North America, and in Europe. This review describes the sources and global distribution of microplastics in the environment, the fate and impact on marine biota, especially the food chain. Furthermore, the control measures discussed are those mapped out by both national and international environmental organizations for combating the impact from microplastics. Identifying the main sources of microplastic pollution in the environment and creating awareness through education at the public, private, and government sectors will go a long way in reducing the entry of microplastics into the environment. Also, knowing the associated behavioral mechanisms will enable better understanding of the impacts for the marine environment. However, a more promising and environmentally safe approach could be provided by exploiting the potentials of microorganisms, especially those of marine origin that can degrade microplastics.
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              Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution

              Plastic pollution is a planetary threat, affecting nearly every marine and freshwater ecosystem globally. In response, multilevel mitigation strategies are being adopted but with a lack of quantitative assessment of how such strategies reduce plastic emissions. We assessed the impact of three broad management strategies, plastic waste reduction, waste management, and environmental recovery, at different levels of effort to estimate plastic emissions to 2030 for 173 countries. We estimate that 19 to 23 million metric tons, or 11%, of plastic waste generated globally in 2016 entered aquatic ecosystems. Considering the ambitious commitments currently set by governments, annual emissions may reach up to 53 million metric tons per year by 2030. To reduce emissions to a level well below this prediction, extraordinary efforts to transform the global plastics economy are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                fabiuladesousa@gmail.com
                Journal
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                19 July 2021
                : 1-12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411221.5, ISNI 0000 0001 2134 6519, Technology Development Center, , Universidade Federal de Pelotas, ; Rua Gomes Carneiro, 1, Pelotas, RS 96010-610 Brazil
                [2 ]GRID grid.412368.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0643 8839, Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Science, , Universidade Federal do ABC, ; Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580 Brazil
                Author notes

                Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-2247
                Article
                15425
                10.1007/s11356-021-15425-w
                8287553
                34279783
                ad828242-e8e6-4d39-8c16-dd137bf4b089
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 18 January 2021
                : 8 July 2021
                Categories
                Short Research and Discussion Article

                General environmental science
                covid-19,plastic,personal protective equipment,virus spread,recycling,public health,environmental problems

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