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      European hedgehogs ( Erinaceus europaeus) as a natural reservoir of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecC in Denmark

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          A recent study from Sweden showed that European hedgehogs may constitute a reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but this host-parasite relationship remains to be investigated in other countries. In this study, we therefore sought to: 1) determine the dissemination of MRSA in European hedgehogs throughout Denmark; 2) investigate determinants of MRSA carriage in hedgehogs; 3) determine the potential for zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans; and 4) characterise the detected MRSA on both a phenotypic and molecular level.

          Methods

          Nasal swabs were taken from 188 dead hedgehogs collected by volunteers throughout Denmark to determine the occurrence of MRSA. Additionally, 16 hedgehog rehabilitators were tested for potential zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans. The swabs were incubated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 6.5% NaCl, followed by spread of 10 μl on Brilliance MRSA 2 agar. One presumptive MRSA colony from each plate was subcultured on 5% blood agar. All S. aureus subcultures were verified by a PCR assay detecting mecA, mecC, lukF-PV, scn, and spa, followed by spa typing.

          Results

          A total of 114 (61%) hedgehogs carried mecC-MRSA, whereas none carried mecA-MRSA. The detected mecC-MRSA belonged to two genetic lineages CC130 ( spa-types: t528, t843, t1048, t3256, t3570, t6220, t17133) and CC1943 ( spa-types: t978, t2345, t3391, t8835, t16868), 52% of which were spa-type t843 (CC130).The detection rate of mecC-MRSA in the hedgehogs was similar regardless of cause of death, sex, region and habitat type. None of the hedgehog rehabilitators carried MRSA.

          Conclusions

          This nationwide study confirms a high occurrence of mecC-MRSA in hedgehogs, which could serve as a natural reservoir for this specific type of MRSA. Furthermore, our study did not find signs of zoonotic transmission of mecC-MRSA to hedgehog rehabilitators.

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          Most cited references45

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          Modern Applied Statistics with S

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            Measurement of Diversity

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              Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases

              Urbanization is intensifying worldwide, with two-thirds of the human population expected to reside in cities within 30 years. The role of cities in human infectious disease is well established, but less is known about how urban landscapes influence wildlife–pathogen interactions. Here, we draw on recent advances in wildlife epidemiology to consider how environmental changes linked with urbanization can alter the biology of hosts, pathogens and vectors. Although urbanization reduces the abundance of many wildlife parasites, transmission can, in some cases, increase among urban-adapted hosts, with effects on rarer wildlife or those living beyond city limits. Continued rapid urbanization, together with risks posed by multi-host pathogens for humans and vulnerable wildlife populations, emphasize the need for future research on wildlife diseases in urban landscapes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 September 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 9
                : e0222031
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
                [2 ] Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
                [3 ] Van Wijk Eco Research, Søborg, Denmark
                [4 ] Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
                [5 ] Naturama, Svendborg, Denmark
                Instituto de Technologia Quimica e Biologica, PORTUGAL
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2975-678X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-0457
                Article
                PONE-D-19-12357
                10.1371/journal.pone.0222031
                6730924
                31490992
                ad3508c6-5f8b-4f9a-96a2-e7aa5b210933
                © 2019 Rasmussen et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 May 2019
                : 20 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 13
                Funding
                The research was funded by Statens Serum Institut (SSI) (ARL, JL, ØA, SLR) (URL: ssi.dk), University of Southern Denmark (TBB, SLR) (URL: sdu.dk), Naturama (TBB, SLR) (URL: naturama.dk), 15. Juni Fonden (TBB, SLR) (URL: http://www.15junifonden.dk), Beckett-Fonden (SLR) (URL: http://www.beckett-fonden.dk), Svalens Fond (SLR), Fonden til Værn for Værgeløse Dyr (SLR), Iwan Kliem Larsens Mindelegat (SLR), Ingeniør K. A. Rohde og hustrus legat (SLR), Aalborg Zoo Conservation Foundation (SLR) (URL: https://aalborgzoo.dk/aalborg-zoos-naturbevaringsfond.aspx), Bodil Pedersen Fonden (SLR) (URL: http://bodilpedersenfonden.dk). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Mammals
                Hedgehogs
                Biology and life sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus aureus
                Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Biology and life sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical microbiology
                Microbial pathogens
                Bacterial pathogens
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus aureus
                Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Medicine and health sciences
                Pathology and laboratory medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial pathogens
                Bacterial pathogens
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus aureus
                Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Denmark
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Animal Types
                Wildlife
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animal Types
                Wildlife
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus Aureus
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus Aureus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Bacterial Pathogens
                Staphylococcus
                Staphylococcus Aureus
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Habitats
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Infectious Diseases
                Zoonoses
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Livestock
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                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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