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      Jet Lag and COVID-19: Extra Challenges for Athletes during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games

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          Abstract

          Participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games demanded great efforts and had become extremely challenging compared with previous competitions. In addition to the physical performance of each modality, athletes had to deal with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and jet lag. The present manuscript pointed out negative factors that encompass the COVID-19 pandemic and the features brought out by the jet lag experienced by the athletes of this last Olympics. The influences of the pandemic and the procedures adopted to reduce transmission risk of the virus may have amplified the weight of jet lag for the athletes of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, even more considering the occurrence of this event in the far east of the globe.

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          High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequalae of COVID-19

          Ziyad Al-Aly, Yan Xie, Benjamin Bowe (2021)
          The acute clinical manifestations of COVID-19 have been well characterized1,2, but the post-acute sequelae of this disease have not been comprehensively described. Here we use the national healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs to systematically and comprehensively identify 6-month incident sequelae-including diagnoses, medication use and laboratory abnormalities-in patients with COVID-19 who survived for at least 30 days after diagnosis. We show that beyond the first 30 days of illness, people with COVID-19 exhibit a higher risk of death and use of health resources. Our high-dimensional approach identifies incident sequelae in the respiratory system, as well as several other sequelae that include nervous system and neurocognitive disorders, mental health disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, malaise, fatigue, musculoskeletal pain and anaemia. We show increased incident use of several therapeutic agents-including pain medications (opioids and non-opioids) as well as antidepressant, anxiolytic, antihypertensive and oral hypoglycaemic agents-as well as evidence of laboratory abnormalities in several organ systems. Our analysis of an array of prespecified outcomes reveals a risk gradient that increases according to the severity of the acute COVID-19 infection (that is, whether patients were not hospitalized, hospitalized or admitted to intensive care). Our findings show that a substantial burden of health loss that spans pulmonary and several extrapulmonary organ systems is experienced by patients who survive after the acute phase of COVID-19. These results will help to inform health system planning and the development of multidisciplinary care strategies to reduce chronic health loss among individuals with COVID-19.
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            Sleep and mental health in athletes during COVID-19 lockdown

            Elise Facer-Childs, Daniel Hoffman, Jennie Tran … (2021)
            Abstract The global coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown restrictions resulted in the majority of sports competitions around the world being put on hold. This includes the National Basketball Association, the UEFA Champions League, Australian Football League, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, and regional competitions. The mitigation strategies in place to control the pandemic have caused disruption to daily schedules, working environments, and lifestyle factors. Athletes rely on regular access to training facilities, practitioners, and coaches to maintain physical and mental health to achieve maximal performance and optimal recovery. Furthermore, participation in sport at any level increases social engagement and promotes better mental health. It is, therefore, critical to understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have affected the lives of athletes. We surveyed elite and sub-elite athletes (n = 565) across multiple sports. Significant disruptions were reported for all lifestyle factors including social interactions, physical activity, sleep patterns, and mental health. We found a significant increase in total sleep time and sleep latency, as well as a delay in mid-sleep times and a decrease in social jetlag. Training frequency and duration significantly decreased. Importantly, the changes to training and sleep-related factors were associated with mental health outcomes. With spikes in COVID-19 cases rising around the world and governments reinstituting lockdowns (e.g. United Kingdom; Melbourne, Australia; California, USA) these results will inform messaging and strategies to better manage sleep and mental health in a population for whom optimal performance is critical.
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              Sleep and COVID-19: considerations about immunity, pathophysiology, and treatment

              Marco Túlio de Mello, Andressa L.N. Silva, Renato Guerreiro … (2020)
              The fear and uncertainty caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, threats to survival are one of the main problems of everyday life; however, mental health care must also be considered a priority. During social isolation also called self-quarantine, the restricted mobility and social contact, concern about financial resources and availability of supplies, fear of infection, questions about the duration of self-quarantine, cause anxiety, depression, stress, insomnia and reduced the quality and quantity of sleep, that may present a greater risk to the health of the general population. Sleep disorders are increasingly becoming a major health issue in modern society, and are influenced by retinal stimulation by electronic devices, as well extended and/or night shift-work, which may aggravate the systemic and lung inflammation during viral infections. Sleep disorders can induce pro-inflammatory states and be harmful during the COVID-19 pandemic. The possible interactions between many drugs used to treat COVID-19, and those used to treat sleep disorders are unknown, mostly due to the lack of a standard protocol to treat these patients. Insufficient sleep or irregular sleep-wake cycles may impair health, immune system, induce pro-inflammation state, and may lead to increased vulnerability to viral infections, involving inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant imbalance. In this sense, obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with recognized COVID-19 risk comorbidities and considered a risk factor for COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care cannot stop, and telemedicine has presented itself as an alternative method of delivering services. When a face-to-face visit is mandatory, or in locations with minimal community transmission where sleep centers have resumed activities, it is important that the sleep center facilities are properly prepared to receive the patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and follow all relevant safety rules. In this work we gathered a group of researchers, specialists in aspects related to chronobiology, sleep, sleep disorders, and the immune system. Thus, we conducted a narrative review in order to address the relationship between COVID-19 and sleep, as well as its immunological aspects and strategies that may be applied in order to mitigate the harmful effects on health that affects everyone during the pandemic.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sleep Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sleep Sci
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1055/s-00056804
                Title: Sleep Science
                Publisher: Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. (Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 1984-0659
                ISSN (Electronic): 1984-0063
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 November 2023
                Publication date Collection: December 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 November 2023
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 4
                Pages: e486-e488
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                [2 ]Post-Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                [3 ]Sleep Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Monica Levy Andersen, PhD, Associate Professor Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, SPBrazil ml.andersen12@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-6748
                Article
                Publisher ID: ID1004
                DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776754
                PMC ID: 10773517
                SO-VID: aab03fc4-c181-4c96-a03b-149a81e13a54
                Copyright © Brazilian Sleep Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 September 2022
                Date accepted : 17 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Correspondence

                Keywords: sleep,jet lag,athletes,olympic games,covid-19
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sleep, jet lag, athletes, olympic games, covid-19

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