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      Situación epidemiológica por Covid-19 en Bolivia ante el fin de la emergencia sanitaria internacional Translated title: Epidemiological situation due to Covid-19 in Bolivia before the end of the international health emergency

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          Abstract

          Resumen En mayo 2023, la OMS levanta la declaratoria de emergencia sanitaria internacional por Covid-19, pero Bolivia continúa manteniendo la declaratoria de emergencia sanitaria nacional. Objetivo: describir la situación epidemiológica por Covid-19 en Bolivia en comparación a los países sudamericanos. Metodología: Estudio observacional de tipo ecológico; con datos agregados a nivel departamental y nacional, provenientes de los reportes del Ministerio de Salud de Bolivia y la OMS. Se reportan frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes y tasas de incidencia, mortalidad, letalidad y las coberturas de vacunación, desagregadas por países, departamentos. Resultados: A nivel sudamericano, Bolivia ocupa el 6to lugar en el número de casos confirmados (n=1,198,404); 7mo en número de fallecidos (n=22,383), 5to en letalidad (1,9%), y penúltimo en cobertura de vacunación (52,08%). En Bolivia; se observa una tendencia decreciente de casos entre la primera (n=144,592) y 6ta ola (n=88,859); Santa Cruz reportó más casos (n=4037.908) y Pando el más bajo (n=15,081). La tasa de incidencia fue más alta en Tarija y más baja en Potosí. La tasa de Letalidad fue mayor en la primera ola (6,20%) y más baja en la sexta ola (0,20%). La cobertura de vacunación con al menos una dosis fue mayor en Tarija (75,10%), y la más bajas en Beni (57,10%). Conclusión: Bolivia presenta un descenso significativo en el número total de casos nuevos reportados, con disminución de la tasa de mortalidad y letalidad; sin embargo, las coberturas de vacunación en esquema completo y dosis de refuerzo siguen siendo una de las más bajas a nivel sudamericano.

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          Abstract In May 2023, the WHO lifts the declaration of an international health emergency due to Covid-19, but Bolivia continues to maintain the declaration of a national health emergency. Objective: describe the epidemiological situation by Covid-19 in Bolivia compared to South American countries. Methodology: Observational study of ecological type was conducted; with aggregated data at the departmental and national level, from the reports of the Bolivian Ministry of Health and the WHO. Absolute frequencies, percentages, and rates of incidence, mortality, lethality, and vaccination coverage are reported, broken down by country and department. Results: In the South American context, Bolivia ranks 6th in the number of cumulative confirmed cases (n=1,198,404); 7th in the number of deaths (n=22,383), 5th in lethality (1.9%), and 9th in vaccination coverage (52.08%) from ten countries. A decreasing trend is observed in Bolivia, between the first epidemic wave (n=144,592) to the 6th wave (n=88,859); Santa Cruz reported the most cases (n=4037,908) and Pando the lowest (n=15,081). The incidence rate was highest in Tarija and lowest in Potosí. The fatality rate was higher in the first wave (6.20%) and lower in the sixth wave (0.20%). Vaccination coverage with at least one dose was higher in Tarija (75.10%), and the lowest in Beni (57.10%). Conclusion: Bolivia presents a significant decrease in the total number of new cases reported, with a decrease in the mortality and lethality rate; however, full-schedule vaccination coverage and booster doses continue to be one of the lowest in South America.

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          The COVID-19 pandemic

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            Effect of Covid-19 Vaccination on Transmission of Alpha and Delta Variants

            Background Before the emergence of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccination reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from vaccinated persons who became infected, potentially by reducing viral loads. Although vaccination still lowers the risk of infection, similar viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated persons who are infected with the delta variant call into question the degree to which vaccination prevents transmission. Methods We used contact-testing data from England to perform a retrospective observational cohort study involving adult contacts of SARS-CoV-2–infected adult index patients. We used multivariable Poisson regression to investigate associations between transmission and the vaccination status of index patients and contacts and to determine how these associations varied with the B.1.1.7 (alpha) and delta variants and time since the second vaccination. Results Among 146,243 tested contacts of 108,498 index patients, 54,667 (37%) had positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) tests. In index patients who became infected with the alpha variant, two vaccinations with either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (also known as AZD1222), as compared with no vaccination, were independently associated with reduced PCR positivity in contacts (adjusted rate ratio with BNT162b2, 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21 to 0.48; and with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.78). Vaccine-associated reductions in transmission of the delta variant were smaller than those with the alpha variant, and reductions in transmission of the delta variant after two BNT162b2 vaccinations were greater (adjusted rate ratio for the comparison with no vaccination, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.65) than after two ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinations (adjusted rate ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.82). Variation in cycle-threshold (Ct) values (indicative of viral load) in index patients explained 7 to 23% of vaccine-associated reductions in transmission of the two variants. The reductions in transmission of the delta variant declined over time after the second vaccination, reaching levels that were similar to those in unvaccinated persons by 12 weeks in index patients who had received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and attenuating substantially in those who had received BNT162b2. Protection in contacts also declined in the 3-month period after the second vaccination. Conclusions Vaccination was associated with a smaller reduction in transmission of the delta variant than of the alpha variant, and the effects of vaccination decreased over time. PCR Ct values at diagnosis of the index patient only partially explained decreased transmission. (Funded by the U.K. Government Department of Health and Social Care and others.)
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              COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions

              Emerging pandemics show that humans are not infallible and communities need to be prepared. Coronavirus outbreak was first reported towards the end of 2019 and has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Worldwide countries are responding differently to the virus outbreak. A delay in detection and response has been recorded in China, as well as in other major countries, which led to an overburdening of the local health systems. On the other hand, some other nations have put in place effective strategies to contain the infection and have recorded a very low number of cases since the beginning of the pandemics. Restrictive measures like social distancing, lockdown, case detection, isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine of exposed had revealed the most efficient actions to control the disease spreading. This review will help the readers to understand the difference in response by different countries and their outcomes. Based on the experience of these countries, India responded to the pandemic accordingly. Only time will tell how well India has faced the outbreak. We also suggest the future directions that the global community should take to manage and mitigate the emergency.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gmb
                Gaceta Médica Boliviana
                Gac Med Bol
                Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Mayor de San Simón (Cochabamba, , Bolivia )
                1012-2966
                2227-3662
                2023
                : 46
                : 2
                : 93-102
                Affiliations
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Umea orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Epidemiología y Salud Global Suecia
                [1] Cochabamba orgnameUniversidad Mayor de San Simón orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas e Investigación Social Bolivia
                Article
                S1012-29662023000200093 S1012-2966(23)04600200093
                10.47993/gmb.v46i2.602
                a9f835da-69d8-45d4-b3ee-7ee288971605

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 May 2023
                : 18 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia

                Categories
                Artículo Original

                Bolivia,Covid-19,emergencia sanitaria,pandemia,epidemiología,vacunación,vaccination,epidemiology,pandemic,health emergency

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