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      Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Chinese Professional Athletes of Strength Sports with Different Body Weight Categories

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          Abstract

          Background

          There is an increasing concern on cardiometabolic health in young professional athletes at heavy-weight class.

          Objective

          Our cross-sectional survey aimed to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and clustering of metabolic risk factors in a population of young and active professional athletes of strength sports in China.

          Methods

          From July 2006 to December 2008, a total of 131 male and 130 female athletes of strength sports were enrolled. We used two criteria provided by the Chinese Diabetes Society (2004) and the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (2002) to define the metabolic syndrome and its individual components, respectively.

          Results

          Regardless of their similar ages (mean: 21 years) and exercise levels, athletes in the heaviest-weight-class with unlimited maximum body weight (UBW) boundaries (mean weight and BMI: 130 kg and 38 kg/m 2 for men, 110 kg and 37 kg/m 2 for women) had significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome than did those in all other body-weight-class with limited body weight (LBW) boundaries (mean weight and BMI: 105 kg and 32 kg/m 2 for men, 70 kg and 26 kg/m 2 for women). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using CDS criteria (UBW vs. LBW: 89% vs. 18% for men, 47% vs. 0% for women) and its individual components, including central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and impaired fasting glucose, were all significantly higher in athletes at the heaviest weight group with UBW than all other weight groups with LBW.

          Conclusions

          Our study suggests that professional athletes of strength sports at the heaviest-weight-class are at a significant increased risk of cardiometabolic disease compared with those at all other weight categories. The findings support the importance of developing and implementing the strategy of early screening, awareness, and interventions for weight-related health among young athletes.

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          Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among National Football League players.

          Patrick Vogel, Shannon Dunn, F. Wilson … (2009)
          Concern exists about the cardiovascular health implications of large size among professional football players and those players who aspire to professional status. To assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in active National Football League (NFL) players and to compare these findings with data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. A cross-sectional study of 504 active, veteran football players from a convenience sample of 12 NFL teams at professional athletic training facilities between April and July 2007. Data were compared with men of the same age in the general US population (CARDIA study, a population-based observational study of 1959 participants aged 23 to 35 years recruited in 1985-1986). Prevalence of CVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and smoking). The NFL players were less likely to smoke when compared with the CARDIA group (0.1% [n = 1]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-1.4%; vs 30.5% [n = 597]; 95% CI, 28.5%-32.5%; P < .001). Despite being taller and heavier, NFL players had significantly lower prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (6.7% [n = 24]; 95% CI, 4.6%-8.7%; vs 15.5% [n = 267]; 95% CI, 13.8%-17.3%; P < .001). The groups did not differ in prevalence of high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or high triglycerides. Hypertension (13.8% [n = 67]; 95% CI, 11.0%-16.7%; vs 5.5% [n = 108]; 95% CI, 4.6%-6.6%) and prehypertension (64.5% [n = 310]; 95% CI, 58.3%-70.7%; vs 24.2% [n = 473]; 95% CI, 22.3%-26.1%) were significantly more common in NFL players than in the CARDIA group (both P < .001). Large size measured by body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides, and fasting glucose, and decreased HDL-C. Compared with a sample of healthy young-adult men, a sample of substantially larger NFL players had a lower prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, less reported smoking, a similar prevalence of dyslipidemia, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. Increased size measured by BMI was associated with increased CVD risk factors in this combined population.
          Article 0 comments Cited 44 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Inverse relationship between blood levels of high density lipoprotein subfraction 2 and magnitude of postprandial lipemia.

            Josef Patsch, A Gotto, R Karlin … (1983)
            Triglyceridemic response to a standard oral fat meal was determined in 28 healthy subjects and related to the levels of several lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in the post-absorptive plasma. A fatty test meal was administered orally, and postprandial plasma triglyceride levels were determined. In the fasting blood samples, concentrations of apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, A-II, and B were determined by radioimmunoassay, and those of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions HDL2 and HDL3, by zonal ultracentrifugation. The magnitude of triglyceridemic response showed a negative correlation with the plasma levels of HDL2 (r = -0.860, P less than 0.001), HDL-associated cholesterol (r = -0.605, P less than 0.001), and apoA-I (r = -0.459, P less than 0.02). No correlation was found between the triglyceridemic response and the levels of total cholesterol, HDL3, and apoA-II. Triglyceridemic response was correlated positively with fasting triglyceride concentrations (r = 0.450, P less than 0.02) and apoB levels (r = 0.396, P less than 0.03). In two subjects followed for 3 yr, when HDL2 levels rose or fell, the triglyceridemic response decreased or increased, respectively (r = -0.944; r = -0.863). Our data indicate that normolipidemic individuals with high HDL2 levels in the plasma are able to clear alimentary fat at a faster rate than normolipidemic subjects with low HDL2 levels. The pronounced difference in severity and duration of postprandial lipemia among subjects with varying HDL2 levels may help to explain the negative correlation between the risk of atherosclerosis and HDL cholesterol levels.
            Article 0 comments Cited 30 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in retired National Football League players.

              Virend K Somers, Luke Miller, Stacey A Bélanger … (2008)
              The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health mortality study of National Football League (NFL) players concluded that retired NFL linemen have an increased risk of cardiovascular death compared with both nonlinemen and the general population. Though elevated body mass index contributed to the increased cardiac risk of linemen, it could not fully account for the mortality observed, suggesting that other unmeasured cardiovascular risk factors were involved. We performed a cross-sectional prevalence study of metabolic syndrome (MS), and its individual component criteria, in 510 retired NFL players who were recruited to multicity health screenings from February 2004 through June 2006. The International Diabetes Federation criteria were used to define MS. The MS component criteria of body mass index>30 kg/m2, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and raised fasting glucose were more prevalent in linemen compared with nonlinemen (85.4% vs 50.3%, p<0.001; 42.1% vs 32.7%, p=0.04; 60.4% vs 37.6%, p<0.001, respectively). Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in linemen compared with nonlinemen (59.8% vs 30.1%, p<0.001). In conclusion, linemen exhibited a high prevalence of MS, almost double the prevalence of their nonlinemen counterparts. These findings may partially explain the increased risk for cardiovascular death observed in retired linemen and could have significant public health implications for preprofessional training regimens and postprofessional health maintenance.
              Article 0 comments Cited 24 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Reury F. P. Bacurau: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 November 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e79758
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for the Youth Sport Research and Development, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
                [2 ]Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
                [3 ]Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
                [4 ]Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
                University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: JG XZ. Performed the experiments: JG YG. Analyzed the data: XZ LW JG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JG YG MX. Wrote the paper: JG XZ. Critically revised the manuscript: XZ JG.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-30449
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079758
                PMC ID: 3821854
                PubMed ID: 24255714
                SO-VID: a88e13e0-3e8a-4599-92eb-e25186f291ce
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 27 July 2013
                Date accepted : 24 September 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                The work was supported by the funding from General Administration of Sport of China (No.05-09). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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