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      Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage: insights from Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania Translated title: Evolution vers la couverture de santé universelle en dépassant la fragmentation des systèmes de santé: aperçu de la situation en Afrique du Sud, au Ghana et en République unie de Tanzanie Translated title: Superar la fragmentación y avanzar hacia la cobertura universal: claves desde Ghana, Sudáfrica y la República Unida de Tanzanía

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          Abstract

          The World Health Assembly of 2005 called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage, defined as " access to adequate health care for all at an affordable price" . A crucial aspect in achieving universal coverage is the extent to which there are income and risk cross-subsidies in health systems. Yet this aspect appears to be ignored in many of the policy prescriptions directed at low- and middle-income countries, often resulting in high degrees of health system fragmentation. The aim of this paper is to explore the extent of fragmentation within the health systems of three African countries (Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania). Using a framework for analysing health-care financing in terms of its key functions, we describe how fragmentation has developed, how each country has attempted to address the arising equity challenges and what remains to be done to promote universal coverage. The analysis suggests that South Africa has made the least progress in addressing fragmentation, while Ghana appears to be pursuing a universal coverage policy in a more coherent way. To achieve universal coverage, health systems must reduce their reliance on out-of-pocket payments, maximize the size of risk pools, and resource allocation mechanisms must be put in place to either equalize risks between individual insurance schemes or equitably allocate general tax (and donor) funds. Ultimately, there needs to be greater integration of financing mechanisms to promote universal cover with strong income and risk cross-subsidies in the overall health system.

          Translated abstract

          L'Assemblée mondiale de la Santé de 2005 a appelé les systèmes de santé à évoluer vers la couverture de santé universelle, définie comme l'accès pour tous à des soins de santé appropriés à un prix abordable. Pour parvenir à la couverture universelle, un aspect essentiel est l'ampleur des subventions croisées entre les niveaux de risque et de revenu au sein des systèmes de santé. Néanmoins, cet aspect semble ignoré par la plupart des solutions politiques prescrites aux pays à revenu faible ou moyen, d'où souvent une importante fragmentation des systèmes de santé. L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier le degré de fragmentation des systèmes de santé de trois pays africains (Afrique du Sud, Ghana et République unie de Tanzanie). En utilisant un cadre pour analyser le financement des soins de santé selon ses principales fonctions, nous décrivons comment cette fragmentation s'est établie, comment chaque pays a tenté de faire face aux problèmes d'équité émergeants et ce qu'il reste à faire pour promouvoir la couverture universelle. D'après cette analyse, c'est l'Afrique du Sud qui a le moins progressé dans la correction de cette fragmentation, tandis que le Ghana semble engagé, de manière plus cohérente, dans une politique visant à établir la couverture universelle. Pour atteindre une telle couverture, les systèmes de santé doivent réduire leur dépendance à l'égard des débours directs par les ménages, répartir au maximum les risques et mettre en place des mécanismes d'allocation de ressources, destinés soit à niveler les risques entre les systèmes d'assurance individuels, soit à répartir équitablement les fonds généraux provenant de l'impôt (et de donateurs). Enfin, il faudrait obtenir une plus grande intégration entre les mécanismes financiers favorisant la couverture universelle et les importantes subventions croisées entre les niveaux de revenu et de risque au sein du système global de santé.

          Translated abstract

          En la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud de 2005 se abogó por que todos los sistemas de salud avanzaran hacia la cobertura universal, definida como " el acceso a una atención de salud adecuada para todos a precios asequibles" . Un aspecto crucial para garantizar la cobertura universal es lo extendidas que estén las transferencias de subvenciones entre sectores con distintos ingresos y riesgos en el sistema de salud. No obstante, se diría que este aspecto se pasa por alto en muchas de las prescripciones normativas dirigidas a los países de ingresos bajos y medios, lo que se traduce a menudo en un alto grado de fragmentación de los sistemas sanitarios. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el grado de fragmentación existente en los sistemas de salud de tres países africanos (Ghana, Sudáfrica y la República Unida de Tanzanía). Utilizando un marco de análisis de la financiación sanitaria basado en sus funciones esenciales, describimos cómo ha surgido la fragmentación, de qué manera ha intentado cada país abordar los problemas resultantes en materia de equidad, y las medidas que es necesario tomar aún para fomentar la cobertura universal. El análisis realizado lleva a pensar que Sudáfrica es el país que menos ha progresado para corregir la fragmentación, mientras que Ghana parece estar dando pasos hacia la cobertura universal de manera más sistemática. Para lograr esa cobertura, los sistemas de salud deben reducir su dependencia de los pagos directos y maximizar las dimensiones de los fondos de mancomunación del riesgo, y además deben implementarse mecanismos de asignación de recursos que tiendan ya sea a igualar los riesgos entre los planes de seguro individuales o a distribuir de forma equitativa los fondos recaudados mediante los impuestos generales (o aportados por los donantes). Finalmente, debe haber una mayor integración de los mecanismos de financiación para fomentar la cobertura universal mediante subvenciones diferenciales importantes en función de los ingresos y los riesgos en todo el sistema de salud.

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          Most cited references45

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          The world health report 2000 - Health systems: improving performance

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            Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence.

            B Ekman (2004)
            Health policy makers are faced with competing alternatives, and for systems of health care financing. The choice of financing method should mobilize resources for health care and provide financial protection. This review systematically assesses the evidence of the extent to which community-based health insurance is a viable option for low-income countries in mobilizing resources and providing financial protection. The review contributes to the literature on health financing by extending and qualifying existing knowledge. Overall, the evidence base is limited in scope and questionable in quality. There is strong evidence that community-based health insurance provides some financial protection by reducing out-of-pocket spending. There is evidence of moderate strength that such schemes improve cost-recovery. There is weak or no evidence that schemes have an effect on the quality of care or the efficiency with which care is produced. In absolute terms, the effects are small and schemes serve only a limited section of the population. The main policy implication of the review is that these types of community financing arrangements are, at best, complementary to other more effective systems of health financing. To improve reliability and validity of the evidence base, analysts should agree on a more coherent set of outcome indicators and a more consistent assessment of these indicators. Policy makers need to be better informed as to both the costs and the benefits of implementing various financing options. The current evidence base on community-based health insurance is mute on this point.
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              World development report, 1993: investing in health

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                November 2008
                : 86
                : 11
                : 871-876
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Cape Town South Africa
                [2 ] Health Research Unit Ghana
                [3 ] Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre Tanzania
                [4 ] Development, Policy and Practice, Royal Tropical Institute Netherlands
                [5 ] Ghana Health Service Ghana
                [6 ] Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Croatia
                [7 ] University of Ghana Ghana
                [8 ] London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine United Kingdom
                [9 ] University of Witwatersrand South Africa
                Article
                S0042-96862008001100017
                10.2471/BLT.08.053413
                a82e1ba4-6380-4351-8f08-195fe01c7609

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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