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      Evidências de validade da Escala Brasileira de Solidão UCLA Translated title: Evidence of validity of Brazilian UCLA Loneliness Scale

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          Abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo Este trabalho investigou as evidências de validade da Escala de Solidão UCLA para aplicação na população brasileira. Métodos Foram seguidas as fases: (1) autorização do autor e do Comitê de Ética; (2) tradução e retrotradução; (3) adaptação semântica; (4) validação. Utilizou-se para análise dos dados análise descritiva, fatorial exploratória, alpha de Cronbach, Kappa, teste de esfericidade de Barlett, teste Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e correlação de Pearson. Para a adaptação, a escala foi submetida a especialistas e a um grupo focal com 8 participantes para adaptação semântica e a um estudo piloto com 126 participantes para adaptação transcultural. Da validação, participaram 818 pessoas, entre 20 e 87 anos, que responderam a duas versões da UCLA, ao Questionário de Saúde do Paciente, à Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social e a um questionário elaborado pelos autores. Resultados A escala mostrou dois fatores, que explicaram 56% da variância e alpha de 0,94. Conclusões A Escala de Solidão UCLA-BR indicou evidências de validade de construto e discriminante, além de boa fidedignidade, podendo ser utilizada para avaliação da solidão na população brasileira.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective This study investigated the validity evidence of Loneliness Scale UCLA to be used in the Brazilian population. Methods It was followed the phases authorization of the author and the Ethics Committee, translation and back-translation, semantic adaptation and validation of the test. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, exploratory factor, alpha Chronbach, Kappa, sphericity test of Bartlett, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test and Pearson’s correlation. To semantic adaptation the scale was submitted to specialists and a focus group with 8 participants and to cross-cultural adaptation the scale was submitted to a pilot study with 126 participants. In the validation participated 818 people, between 20 and 87 years, who responded to two versions of UCLA, Patient Health Questionnaire, Social Support Scale and a questionnaire made by the authors. Results The scale showed two factors, which explained 56% of variance and alpha of 0.94. Conclusions Loneliness Scale UCLA-BR indicated evidence of discriminant and construct validity, as well as good reliability. It can be used for evaluation of loneliness in the Brazilian population.

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          Most cited references60

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          A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies.

          Most studies of social relationships in later life focus on the amount of social contact, not on individuals' perceptions of social isolation. However, loneliness is likely to be an important aspect of aging. A major limiting factor in studying loneliness has been the lack of a measure suitable for large-scale social surveys. This article describes a short loneliness scale developed specifically for use on a telephone survey. The scale has three items and a simplified set of response categories but appears to measure overall loneliness quite well. The authors also document the relationship between loneliness and several commonly used measures of objective social isolation. As expected, they find that objective and subjective isolation are related. However, the relationship is relatively modest, indicating that the quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are distinct. This result suggests the importance of studying both dimensions of social relationships in the aging process.
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            Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms.

            As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive. Perceptions of social isolation, or loneliness, increase vigilance for threat and heighten feelings of vulnerability while also raising the desire to reconnect. Implicit hypervigilance for social threat alters psychological processes that influence physiological functioning, diminish sleep quality, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to review the features and consequences of loneliness within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness. We review physical and mental health consequences of loneliness, mechanisms for its effects, and effectiveness of extant interventions. Features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of loneliness and to discuss interventions to reduce loneliness. Loneliness is not simply being alone. Interventions to reduce loneliness and its health consequences may need to take into account its attentional, confirmatory, and memorial biases as well as its social and behavioral effects.
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              Cross-national differences in older adult loneliness.

              Loneliness concerns the subjective evaluation that the number of relationships is smaller than the individual considers desirable or that the intimacy that the individual wishes for has not been realized. The aim of this study was to assess variations in levels of late-life loneliness and its determinants across Europe. Data came from the SHARE surveys, Wave 2 (Borsch-Supan et al., 2008), encompassing adults aged 50 years and over in Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland (N = 12,248). Loneliness was measured by a single item derived from the CES-D (depression) scale. Using logistic models, the present authors tested several types of explanations for country differences: differences in demographic characteristics, wealth and health, and social networks. Older adults in the southern and central European countries were generally lonelier than their peers in the northern and western European countries. In the southern and central European countries, loneliness was largely attributable to not being married, economic deprivation, and poor health. Frequent contacts with parents and adult children, social participation, and providing support to family members were important in preventing and alleviating loneliness in almost all countries. To combat loneliness among older adults, the findings suggest both (a) generic approaches aimed at improving social embeddedness and (b) country-tailored approaches aimed at improving health and wealth.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbpsiq
                Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria
                J. bras. psiquiatr.
                Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
                1982-0208
                March 2016
                : 65
                : 1
                : 68-75
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Brazil
                [3 ] Boise State University United States
                Article
                S0047-20852016000100068
                10.1590/0047-2085000000105
                a7f592aa-837e-4d7a-8120-4ed80664966c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0047-2085&lng=en
                Categories
                PSYCHIATRY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Psicometria,validade dos testes,solidão,questionários,Psychometrics,validity of tests,loneliness,questionnaires

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