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      Investigación cualitativa e imaginación epidemiológica, una relación vital Translated title: Qualitative research and the epidemiological imagination: a vital relationship

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          Abstract

          Este artículo presume que la «imaginación epidemiológica» tiene un papel relevante en el futuro desarrollo e implementación de políticas cuya finalidad sea mejorar la salud de la población y reducir las desigualdades de salud entre países y dentro de ellos. Sin embargo, si obviamos la contribución de la investigación cualitativa a la epidemiología fracasaremos en el desarrollo de ese potencial. Este artículo brevemente describe qué es la investigación cualitativa desde un punto de vista epidemiológico -qué tipo de «conocimiento» genera- y aborda cuestiones metodológicas (aproximaciones sobre recogida de datos, análisis e interpretación de resultados). Se presentan dos modelos diferentes sobre la relación entre la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. El primer modelo, denominado de intensificación, asume que los resultados de la investigación cualitativa enriquecen los resultados obtenidos mediante investigación cuantitativa y sugiere 3 roles para la investigación cualitativa: generar hipótesis que se podrán probar en la investigación cuantitativa, ayudar a construir medidas más sofisticadas de fenómenos sociales y explicar resultados sorprendentes obtenidos mediante una aproximación cuantitativa. Por el contrario, el modelo epistemológico sugiere que la investigación cualitativa es diferente de la cuantitativa en el sentido de que realiza una contribución única: estudia aspectos que otras aproximaciones no pueden analizar; mejora y amplía el conocimiento al profundizar en aspectos conceptuales y teóricos; cambia el equilibrio de poder entre los investigadores y el objeto de investigación, y por último desafía los métodos que utiliza la epidemiología tradicional para conocer el mundo social. Este artículo ilustra los diferentes tipos de contribuciones con ejemplos de la investigación cualitativa y finalmente discute cómo la investigación cualitativa "digna de confianza" puede evaluarse.

          Translated abstract

          This paper takes as its starting point the assumption that the «Epidemiological Imagination» has a central role to play in the future development of policies and practice to improve population health and reduce health inequalities within and between states but suggests that by neglecting the contribution that qualitative research can make epidemiology is failing to deliver this potential. The paper briefly considers what qualitative research is, touching on epistemological questions -what type of «knowledge» is generated- and questions of methods -what approaches to data collection, analysis and interpretation are involved. Following this the paper presents two different models of the relationship between qualitative and quantitative research. The enhancement model -which assumes that qualitative research findings add something extra to the findings of quantitative research- suggests three related «roles» for qualitative research: generating hypothesis to be tested by quantitative research, helping to construct more sophisticated measures of social phenomena and explaining unexpected research from quantitative research. In contrast, the Epistemological Model suggests that qualitative research is equal but different from quantitative research making a unique contribution through: researching parts other research approaches can't reach, increasing understanding by adding conceptual and theoretical depth to knowledge, shifting the balance of power between researchers and researched and challenging traditional epidemiological ways of «knowing» the social world. The paper illustrates these different types of contributions with examples of qualitative research and finally discusses ways in which the «trustworthiness» of qualitative research can be assessed.

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          Most cited references26

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          The Sociological Imagination

          C. Mills (1959)
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            Area, Class and Health: Should we be Focusing on Places or People?

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              Rationale and standards for the systematic review of qualitative literature in health services research.

              Despite growing recognition of the need for qualitative methods in health services research, there have been few attempts to define quality standards for assessing the results. This article acknowledges the desirability of a plurality of standards. However, it is argued that three interrelated criteria can be identified as the foundation of good qualitative health research: interpretation of subjective meaning, description of social context, and attention to lay knowledge. These criteria can be examined in relation to different dimensions of any research report, including theoretical basis, sampling strategy, scope of data collection, description of data collected, and concern with generalizability or typicality. But if the concern is with the appropriateness of care and with understanding the factors that shape lay and clinical behavior, then these criteria must form the basis of a hierarchy of qualitative research evidence.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                2003
                : 17
                : suppl 3
                : 58-63
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameLancaster University orgdiv1Institute for Health Research Reino Unido
                Article
                S0213-91112003000900008 S0213-9111(03)01700008
                a42d5638-eb11-45c5-a119-9063a52cdd62

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 November 2002
                : 02 May 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Debate

                Enhancement model,Epistemology,Social epidemiology,Cualitativo,Epidemiología social,Cuantitativo,Quantitative,Modelo de intensificación,Qualitative,Epistemología

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