Los protocolos universitarios para la prevención y sanción de la violencia, acoso y discriminación entre estudiantes: una mirada criminológica y político-criminal Translated title: Chilean Policies and Procedures on Violence, Harassment and Discrimination among Students. Perspectives from Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Abstract
RESUMEN: El presente trabajo reconstruye los protocolos universitarios contra el acoso,
la violencia y la discriminación entre estudiantes desde consideraciones criminológicas
y político-criminales. Así, desde la criminología, podemos destacar la autonomía universitaria
como uno de los factores que ha favorecido una cultura de la impunidad y, desde la
política criminal, estos protocolos constituyen una de las principales manifestaciones
de reconocimiento de los derechos de las víctimas.
Translated abstract
ABSTRACT: The present study provides a criminology and criminal justice analysis of
Chilean universities’ policies and procedures on violence, harassment, and discrimination
among students. From criminology considerations, it should be noted that autonomous
university has facilitated a culture of impunity of these types of conducts. From
criminal justice perspective, university policies and procedures on violence, harassment
and discrimination is one of the principal manifestations of recognition of victims’
rights.
Demographics, assault variables, and postassault responses were analyzed as correlates of PTSD symptom severity in a sample of 323 sexual assault victims. Regression analyses indicated that less education, greater perceived life threat, and receipt of more negative social reactions upon disclosing assault were each related to greater PTSD symptom severity. Ethnic minority victims reported more negative social reactions from others. Victims of more severe sexual victimization reported fewer positive, but more negative reactions from others. Greater extent of disclosure of the assault was related to more positive and fewer negative social reactions. Telling more persons about the assault was related to more negative and positive reactions. Implications of these results for developing contextual theoretical models of rape-related PTSD are discussed.
Sexual assault on college campuses is a public health issue. However varying research methodologies (e.g., different sexual assault definitions, measures, assessment timeframes) and low response rates hamper efforts to define the scope of the problem. To illuminate the complexity of campus sexual assault, we collected survey data from a large population-based random sample of undergraduate students from Columbia University and Barnard College in New York City, using evidence based methods to maximize response rates and sample representativeness, and behaviorally specific measures of sexual assault to accurately capture victimization rates. This paper focuses on student experiences of different types of sexual assault victimization, as well as sociodemographic, social, and risk environment correlates. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used to estimate prevalences and test associations. Since college entry, 22% of students reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault (defined as sexualized touching, attempted penetration [oral, anal, vaginal, other], or completed penetration). Women and gender nonconforming students reported the highest rates (28% and 38%, respectively), although men also reported sexual assault (12.5%). Across types of assault and gender groups, incapacitation due to alcohol and drug use and/or other factors was the perpetration method reported most frequently (> 50%); physical force (particularly for completed penetration in women) and verbal coercion were also commonly reported. Factors associated with increased risk for sexual assault included non-heterosexual identity, difficulty paying for basic necessities, fraternity/sorority membership, participation in more casual sexual encounters (“hook ups”) vs. exclusive/monogamous or no sexual relationships, binge drinking, and experiencing sexual assault before college. High rates of re-victimization during college were reported across gender groups. Our study is consistent with prevalence findings previously reported. Variation in types of assault and methods of perpetration experienced across gender groups highlight the need to develop prevention strategies tailored to specific risk groups.