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      Shrouded in history: Unveiling the ways of life of an early Muslim population in Santarém, Portugal (8 th– 10 th century AD)

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          Abstract

          In around 716 AD, the city of Santarém, Portugal, was conquered by the Berber and Arab armies that swept the Iberian Peninsula and went on to rule the region until the 12 th century. Archaeological excavations in 2007/08 discovered an Islamic necropolis (Avenida 5 de Outubro #2–8) that appears to contain the remains of an early Muslim population in Santarém (8 th– 10 th century). In this study, skeletal material from 58 adult individuals was analysed for stable carbon ( δ 13C col; δ 13C ap), nitrogen ( δ 15N) and sulphur ( δ 34S) isotope ratios in bones, and stable oxygen ( δ 18O), carbon ( δ 13C en) and radiogenic strontium ( 87Sr/ 86Sr) isotopes in tooth enamel. The results of this study revealed a dietary pattern of predominantly C 3-plant and domestic C 3-fed herbivore consumption during adulthood ( δ 13C col and δ 15N, respectively) but a higher proportion of C 4-plant input during childhood ( δ 13C en) for some individuals—interpreted as possible childhood consumption of millet porridge, a common practice in North Africa—in those with unorthodox burial types (Groups 1 and 2) that was not practiced in the individuals with canonical burials (Group 3). In this first mobility study of a medieval Muslim population in Portugal, δ 18O DW values revealed greater heterogeneity in Groups 1 and 2, consistent with diverse origins, some in more humid regions than Santarém when compared to regional precipitation δ 18O data, contrasting the more homogenous Group 3, consistent with the local precipitation δ 18O range. Ancient DNA analysis conducted on three individuals revealed maternal (mtDNA) and paternal (Y-chromosome) lineages compatible with a North African origin for (at least) some of the individuals. Additionally, mobility of females in this population was higher than males, potentially resulting from a patrilocal social system, practiced in Berber and Arab communities. These results serve to offer a more detailed insight into the ancestry and cultural practices of early Muslim populations in Iberia.

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          Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of bone collagen from marine and terrestrial animals

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            Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing.

            The large amount of DNA sequence data generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies often allows multiple samples to be sequenced in parallel on a single sequencing run. This is particularly true if subsets of the genome are studied rather than complete genomes. In recent years, target capture from sequencing libraries has largely replaced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the preferred method of target enrichment. Parallelizing target capture and sequencing for multiple samples requires the incorporation of sample-specific barcodes into sequencing libraries, which is necessary to trace back the sample source of each sequence. This protocol describes a fast and reliable method for the preparation of barcoded ("indexed") sequencing libraries for Illumina's Genome Analyzer platform. The protocol avoids expensive commercial library preparation kits and can be performed in a 96-well plate setup using multi-channel pipettes, requiring not more than two or three days of lab work. Libraries can be prepared from any type of double-stranded DNA, even if present in subnanogram quantity.
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              Preparation and characterization of bone and tooth collagen for isotopic analysis

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Resources
                Role: Investigation
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Resources
                Role: Resources
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Resources
                Role: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 March 2024
                2024
                : 19
                : 3
                : e0299958
                Affiliations
                [1 ] HERCULES Laboratory and IN2PAST, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
                [2 ] Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património (CEAACP), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
                [3 ] Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
                [4 ] Faculdade de Letras, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
                [5 ] Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais (FCHS), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
                [6 ] Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
                [7 ] School of Technology Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
                [8 ] Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
                [9 ] School of Technology Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
                [10 ] Escola de Ciências Sociais—CIDEHUS, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
                [11 ] Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
                [12 ] Geobiotec, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
                [13 ] Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies (CEIS20), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
                [14 ] Evolution of Cultural Diversity Initiative, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
                Vilnius University: Vilniaus Universitetas, LITHUANIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests that are relevant to the content of this article.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-0450
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-6270
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-5995
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-9176
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5074-5452
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4997-8264
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4997-5357
                Article
                PONE-D-23-22907
                10.1371/journal.pone.0299958
                10917335
                38446809
                a2c821a3-7b81-415e-a163-2a515db58a73
                © 2024 MacRoberts et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 July 2023
                : 19 February 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 16, Tables: 7, Pages: 44
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UI/BD/151192/2021
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530, European Regional Development Fund;
                Award ID: POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-031599
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: PTDC/HAR- HIS/31599/2017
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: IF/01661/2015
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: 2020.01844.CEECIND
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UIDB/04449/2020
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: UIDP/04449/2020
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001871, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia;
                Award ID: LA/P/0132/2020
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530, European Regional Development Fund;
                Award ID: LA/P/0132/2020
                RAM was supported by the FCT grant UI/BD/151192/2021. This investigation received support from the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through Compete 2020 and national funds through FCT/MCTES, under the project TRANSCULTURAL (POCI- 01-0145-FEDER-031599 | PTDC/HAR- HIS/31599/2017). A-FM was supported by FCT individual scientific employment contracts IF/01661/2015 and 2020.01844.CEECIND (DOI: 10.54499/2020.01844.CEECIND/CP1593/CT0004). The authors also acknowledge the financial support of the UIDB/04449/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDB/04449/2020), UIDP/04449/2020 (DOI 10.54499/UIDP/04449/2020), and LA/P/0132/2020 (DOI: 10.54499/LA/P/0132/2020) projects, funded by FCT and by the European Regional Development Fund." “The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript”.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Femur
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Femur
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Religious Faiths
                Islam
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Collagens
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Chemical Characterization
                Isotope Analysis
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Particle Physics
                Composite Particles
                Atoms
                Isotopes
                Custom metadata
                The data pertaining to the manuscript is available on the IsoArcH database (DOI 10.48530/isoarch.2023.007) and is accessible via the URL https://isoarch.eu/datasets/2023-007/.

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