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      Food insecurity and hunger: A review of the effects on children's health and behaviour

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      Journal: Paediatrics & Child Health
      Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          Food insecurity and hunger are significant problems in Canada, with millions of Canadians experiencing some level of food insecurity. The purpose of the present article is to review what is currently known about the effects of food insecurity and hunger on children. Longitudinal studies in Canada indicate that hunger is related to poor health outcomes, including a higher risk of depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents, and chronic conditions, particularly asthma. In addition, nutrient deficiencies, such as iron deficiency, are known to impair learning and cause decreased productivity in school-age children, and maternal depressive disorders. School-based nutrition programs and innovations, such as subsidized food (apples, cheese, soy nuts, carrots and broccoli), are an essential immediate need, but long-term solutions lie in adequate incomes for families.

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          Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: translating developmental science into lifelong health.

          Andrew S Garner, Jack Shonkoff (2011)
          Advances in a wide range of biological, behavioral, and social sciences are expanding our understanding of how early environmental influences (the ecology) and genetic predispositions (the biologic program) affect learning capacities, adaptive behaviors, lifelong physical and mental health, and adult productivity. A supporting technical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) presents an integrated ecobiodevelopmental framework to assist in translating these dramatic advances in developmental science into improved health across the life span. Pediatricians are now armed with new information about the adverse effects of toxic stress on brain development, as well as a deeper understanding of the early life origins of many adult diseases. As trusted authorities in child health and development, pediatric providers must now complement the early identification of developmental concerns with a greater focus on those interventions and community investments that reduce external threats to healthy brain growth. To this end, AAP endorses a developing leadership role for the entire pediatric community-one that mobilizes the scientific expertise of both basic and clinical researchers, the family-centered care of the pediatric medical home, and the public influence of AAP and its state chapters-to catalyze fundamental change in early childhood policy and services. AAP is committed to leveraging science to inform the development of innovative strategies to reduce the precipitants of toxic stress in young children and to mitigate their negative effects on the course of development and health across the life span.
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            Low hemoglobin level is a risk factor for postpartum depression.

            L Beard, Elizabeth Corwin, Frederic Kolb (2003)
            The role of maternal anemia in the development of postpartum depression (PPD) is unclear. PPD is a serious disorder that may negatively affect the physical and emotional health of a new mother and her infant. Although psychosocial factors that increase the risk of developing PPD are known, few studies have identified physiologic factors that predispose a woman to PPD. New mothers were visited at home on d 7, 14 and 28 after an uncomplicated labor and delivery. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was measured via finger-prick blood at each visit, and the women completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptomatology Scale (CES-D) on d 28. There was a negative correlation between Hb concentration on d 7 postpartum and depressive symptoms on d 28 (r = -4.26; P = 0.009). CES-D scores (means +/- SEM) on d 7 of women with normal Hb levels > 120 g/L (12 g/dL) were significantly lower (6.90 +/- 1.04) than those of women with Hb levels < or = 120 g/L (12 g/dL) [16.36 +/- 3.34; t(35) = -3.632, P = 0.001]. Thus, women suffering early postpartum anemia may be at increased risk of developing PPD.
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              Food insecurity and mental disorders in a national sample of U.S. adolescents.

              Katie A. McLaughlin, Jennifer Green, Margarita Alegría … (2012)
              To examine whether food insecurity is associated with past-year DSM-IV mental disorders after controlling for standard indicators of family socioeconomic status (SES) in a U.S. national sample of adolescents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Paediatrics & Child Health
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
                ISSN (Print): 1205-7088
                ISSN (Electronic): 1918-1485
                Publication date Created: March 2015
                Publication date Created: March 01 2015
                Publication date (Print): March 2015
                Publication date (Print): March 01 2015
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 89-91
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/pch/20.2.89
                PMC ID: 4373582
                PubMed ID: 25838782
                SO-VID: a2ad660a-4574-4553-a595-27722f4331da
                Copyright © © 2015
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