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      First evidence of Halomicronema metazoicum (Cyanobacteria) free-living on Posidonia oceanica leaves

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          Abstract

          Cyanobacteria contribute to the ecology of various marine environments, also for their symbioses, since some of them are common hosts of sponges and ascidians. They are also emerging as an important source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites in pharmacological (as anticancer drugs) and biotechnological applications. In the present work we isolated a cyanobacteria in a free-living state from leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica leaves. This newly collected strain was then cultivated under two laboratory conditions, and then characterized by combining morphological observation and molecular studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis. The strain showed 99% pairwise sequence identity with Halomicronema metazoicum ITAC101, never isolated before as a free-living organisms, but firstly described as an endosymbiont of the Mediterranean marine spongae Petrosia ficiformis, under the form of a filamentous strain. Further studies will investigate the actual role of this cyanobacterium in the leaf stratum of P. oceanica leaves, given its demonstrated ability to influence the vitality and the life cycle of other organisms. In fact, its newly demonstrated free-living stage, described in this study, indicate that Phormidium-like cyanobacteria could play important roles in the ecology of benthic and planktonic communities.

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          Most cited references46

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          Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair

          DNA is one of the prime molecules, and its stability is of utmost importance for proper functioning and existence of all living systems. Genotoxic chemicals and radiations exert adverse effects on genome stability. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (mainly UV-B: 280–315 nm) is one of the powerful agents that can alter the normal state of life by inducing a variety of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions such as cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs), and their Dewar valence isomers as well as DNA strand breaks by interfering the genome integrity. To counteract these lesions, organisms have developed a number of highly conserved repair mechanisms such as photoreactivation, base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR). Additionally, double-strand break repair (by homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining), SOS response, cell-cycle checkpoints, and programmed cell death (apoptosis) are also operative in various organisms with the expense of specific gene products. This review deals with UV-induced alterations in DNA and its maintenance by various repair mechanisms.
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            PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria.

            We developed and tested a set of oligonucleotide primers for the specific amplification of 16S rRNA gene segments from cyanobacteria and plastids by PCR. PCR products were recovered from all cultures of cyanobacteria and diatoms that were checked but not from other bacteria and archaea. Gene segments selectively retrieved from cyanobacteria and diatoms in unialgal but nonaxenic cultures and from cyanobionts in lichens could be directly sequenced. In the context of growing sequence databases, this procedure allows rapid and phylogenetically meaningful identification without pure cultures or molecular cloning. We demonstrate the use of this specific PCR in combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to probe the diversity of oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms in cultures, lichens, and complex microbial communities.
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              Phototrophic prokaryotes: the cyanobacteria.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                1 October 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 10
                : e0204954
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
                [2 ] Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia, Napoli, Italy
                [3 ] Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
                [4 ] Center of Villa Dohrn Ischia-Benthic Ecology, Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, P.ta S. Pietro, Ischia, Naples, Italy
                [5 ] Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS—Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
                Università della Calabria, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5521-5303
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-6170
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-8784
                Article
                PONE-D-18-10614
                10.1371/journal.pone.0204954
                6166977
                30273387
                a296a784-6fa4-468a-9454-6605fdca82fd
                © 2018 Ruocco et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 9 April 2018
                : 16 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Nadia Ruocco was supported by a PhD (PhD in Biology, University of Naples Federico II) fellowship co-funded by the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn and Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit of the Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Pozzuoli, Naples. Mirko Mutalipassi was supported by an Open University-SZN PhD fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Cyanobacteria
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence Analysis
                Sequence Alignment
                Biology and life sciences
                Biochemistry
                Nucleic acids
                RNA
                Non-coding RNA
                Ribosomal RNA
                Biology and life sciences
                Biochemistry
                Ribosomes
                Ribosomal RNA
                Biology and life sciences
                Cell biology
                Cellular structures and organelles
                Ribosomes
                Ribosomal RNA
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Computational Techniques
                Split-Decomposition Method
                Multiple Alignment Calculation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Leaves
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Database and Informatics Methods
                Bioinformatics
                Sequence Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Evolutionary Biology
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Evolutionary Systematics
                Phylogenetics
                Phylogenetic Analysis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Sponges
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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                Uncategorized

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