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      Screen Time and Socioemotional and Behavioural Difficulties Among Indigenous Children in Canada: Temps d'écran et difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales chez les enfants autochtones du Canada

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          To describe screen time levels and determine their association with socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among preschool-aged First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children.

          Method

          Data were taken from the Aboriginal Children's Survey, a nationally representative survey of 2–5-year-old Indigenous children in Canada. Socioemotional and behavioural difficulties were defined using parent/guardian reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted separately for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit participants, and statistically adjusted for child age, child sex, and parent/guardian education. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.002 to adjust for multiple comparisons.

          Results

          Of these 2–5-year-old children ( mean [ M] = 3.57 years) 3,085 were First Nations (53.5%), 2,430 Métis (39.2%), and 990 Inuit (7.3%). Screen time exposure was high among First Nations ( M = 2 h and 58 min/day, standard deviation [ SD] = 1.89), Métis ( M = 2 h and 50 min [ SD = 1.83]), and Inuit children ( M = 3 h and 25 min [ SD = 2.20]), with 79.7% exceeding recommended guidelines (>1 h/day). After adjusting for confounders, screen time was associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations (total difficulties β = 0.15 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.19]) and Métis ( β = 0.16 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.20]) but not Inuit children ( β = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.23]).

          Conclusions

          Screen time exposure is high among Indigenous children in Canada, and is associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations and Métis children. Contributing factors could include enduring colonialism that resulted in family dissolution, lack of positive parental role models, and disproportionate socioeconomic disadvantage. Predictors of poor well-being should continue to be identified to develop targets for intervention to optimize the health and development of Indigenous children.

          Résumé

          Objectifs

          Décrire les niveaux de temps d’écran et déterminer leur association avec les difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales chez les enfants des Premières nations, Métis et Inuit d’âge préscolaire.

          Méthode

          Les données ont été recueillies dans une enquête sur les enfants autochtones, enquête nationalement représentative des enfants autochtones de 2 à 5 ans au Canada. Les difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales ont été définies à l’aide de rapports des parents/tuteurs issus de questionnaire sur les forces et les difficultés. De multiples analyses de régression linéaire ont été menées séparément pour les participants des Premières nations, Métis, et Inuit, et ajustées statistiquement selon l’âge/sexe de l’enfant et la scolarité du parent/tuteur. La signification statistique était établie à P < 0,002 pour s’ajuster à de multiples comparaisons.

          Résultats

          Sur ces enfants de 2 à 5 ans ( moyenne [ M] = 3,57 ans) 3 085 étaient des Premières nations (53,5%), 2 430 des Métis (39,2%), et 990 Inuit (7,3%). L’exposition au temps d’écran était élevée chez les Premières nations ( M = 2 heures et 58 min/jour [écart-type [ ET]] = 1,89), les Métis ( M = 2 heures et 50 min [ ET = 1,83]), et les enfants Inuit ( M = 3heures et 25 min [ ET = 2,20]), dont 79,7% excédaient les guides recommandés (>1 heure/jour). Après ajustement pour les variables confondantes, le temps d’écran était associé avec plus de difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales chez les Premières nations (difficultés totales β, 0,15 [IC à 95%, 0,12–0,19]) et les Métis (β, 0,16 [IC à 95%, 0,12–0,20]) mais pas chez les enfants Inuit (β, 0,12 [IC à 95%, 0,01–0,23]).

          Conclusions

          L’exposition au temps d’écran est élevée chez les enfants autochtones au Canada et elle est associée avec plus de difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales chez les enfants des Premières nations et Métis. Les facteurs contributifs pourraient inclure un colonialisme durable qui a résulté dans la dissolution des familles, le manque de modèles parentaux positifs, et un désavantage socio-économique disproportionné. Les prédicteurs de mauvais bien-être devrait continuer à être identifiés afin de développer des cibles d’intervention et d’optimiser la santé et le développement des enfants autochtones.

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          Most cited references61

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          Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package ‘dagitty’

          Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), which offer systematic representations of causal relationships, have become an established framework for the analysis of causal inference in epidemiology, often being used to determine covariate adjustment sets for minimizing confounding bias. DAGitty is a popular web application for drawing and analysing DAGs. Here we introduce the R package 'dagitty', which provides access to all of the capabilities of the DAGitty web application within the R platform for statistical computing, and also offers several new functions. We describe how the R package 'dagitty' can be used to: evaluate whether a DAG is consistent with the dataset it is intended to represent; enumerate 'statistically equivalent' but causally different DAGs; and identify exposure-outcome adjustment sets that are valid for causally different but statistically equivalent DAGs. This functionality enables epidemiologists to detect causal misspecifications in DAGs and make robust inferences that remain valid for a range of different DAGs. The R package 'dagitty' is available through the comprehensive R archive network (CRAN) at [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dagitty/]. The source code is available on github at [https://github.com/jtextor/dagitty]. The web application 'DAGitty' is free software, licensed under the GNU general public licence (GPL) version 2 and is available at [http://dagitty.net/].
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            Media and Young Minds.

            (2016)
            Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers are now growing up in environments saturated with a variety of traditional and new technologies, which they are adopting at increasing rates. Although there has been much hope for the educational potential of interactive media for young children, accompanied by fears about their overuse during this crucial period of rapid brain development, research in this area still remains limited. This policy statement reviews the existing literature on television, videos, and mobile/interactive technologies; their potential for educational benefit; and related health concerns for young children (0 to 5 years of age). The statement also highlights areas in which pediatric providers can offer specific guidance to families in managing their young children's media use, not only in terms of content or time limits, but also emphasizing the importance of parent-child shared media use and allowing the child time to take part in other developmentally healthy activities.
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              Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis.

              The present meta-analysis integrates research from 1,435 studies on associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents. Parental warmth, behavioral control, autonomy granting, and an authoritative parenting style showed very small to small negative concurrent and longitudinal associations with externalizing problems. In contrast, harsh control, psychological control, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting were associated with higher levels of externalizing problems. The strongest associations were observed for harsh control and psychological control. Parental warmth, behavioral control, harsh control, psychological control, autonomy granting, authoritative, and permissive parenting predicted change in externalizing problems over time, with associations of externalizing problems with warmth, behavioral control, harsh control, psychological control, and authoritative parenting being bidirectional. Moderating effects of sampling, child's age, form of externalizing problems, rater of parenting and externalizing problems, quality of measures, and publication status were identified. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Psychiatry
                Can J Psychiatry
                CPA
                spcpa
                Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                0706-7437
                1497-0015
                27 December 2023
                May 2024
                27 December 2023
                : 69
                : 5
                : 337-346
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ringgold 3710, universityMcMaster University; , Hamilton, Canada
                [2 ]Department of Public Health Sciences, Ringgold 4257, universityQueen's University; , Kingston, Canada
                [3 ]Bachelor of Medical Sciences Program, Ringgold 6221, universityWestern University; , London, Canada
                [4 ]McMaster Alumni Association, Ringgold 3710, universityMcMaster University; , Hamilton, Canada
                [5 ]Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
                [6 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Ringgold 3710, universityMcMaster University; , Hamilton, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Sawayra Owais, McMaster University Medical Centre, Room 4H4E, 1200 Main Street West, L8N 3Z5, Canada. Email: owaiss3@ 123456mcmaster.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-1215
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7244-0222
                Article
                10.1177_07067437231223333
                10.1177/07067437231223333
                11032090
                38151919
                a2864912-cbd3-4c31-85c5-870738facf96
                © The Author(s) 2023

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                ts19

                first nations,métis,inuit,screen time,child development,preschool child,premières nations,temps d'écran,développement de l'enfant,enfant d'âge préscolaire

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