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      Discovery of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Hypovirulence-Associated Virus-1 in Urban River Sediments of Heathcote and Styx Rivers in Christchurch City, New Zealand

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          Abstract

          In samples of benthic and bank river sediments of two urban rivers in Christchurch city (New Zealand), we identified and recovered isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated virus-1 (SsHADV-1), a fungus-infecting circular single-stranded DNA virus. This is the first report of SsHADV-1 outside of China and in environmental samples.

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          A geminivirus-related DNA mycovirus that confers hypovirulence to a plant pathogenic fungus.

          Bo Li, Said Ghabrial, Youliang Peng … (2010)
          Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi and have the potential to control fungal diseases of crops when associated with hypovirulence. Typically, mycoviruses have double-stranded (ds) or single-stranded (ss) RNA genomes. No mycoviruses with DNA genomes have previously been reported. Here, we describe a hypovirulence-associated circular ssDNA mycovirus from the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The genome of this ssDNA virus, named Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 (SsHADV-1), is 2166 nt, coding for a replication initiation protein (Rep) and a coat protein (CP). Although phylogenetic analysis of Rep showed that SsHADV-1 is related to geminiviruses, it is notably distinct from geminiviruses both in genome organization and particle morphology. Polyethylene glycol-mediated transfection of fungal protoplasts was successful with either purified SsHADV-1 particles or viral DNA isolated directly from infected mycelium. The discovery of an ssDNA mycovirus enhances the potential of exploring fungal viruses as valuable tools for molecular manipulation of fungi and for plant disease control and expands our knowledge of global virus ecology and evolution.
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            Extracellular transmission of a DNA mycovirus and its use as a natural fungicide.

            Daohong Jiang, Jiatao Xie, Jiasen Cheng … (2013)
            Mycoviruses are thought not to be infectious as free particles and to lack an extracellular phase in their life cycles, limiting the broad use of hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses in controlling fungal disease. Here, we demonstrate that purified particles of a DNA mycovirus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 (SsHADV-1), are infectious when applied extracellularly to its host Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Virus particles isolated from an infected host can infect the hyphae of virus-free S. sclerotiorum directly when applied to hyphae grown on potato dextrose agar or sprayed on leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus, regardless of vegetative compatibility affiliation. When applied to leaves, the virus can suppress the development of lesions. SsHADV-1 can also reduce disease severity and enhance rapeseed yield significantly under field conditions. SsHADV-1 has a narrow host range; it can infect Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia nivalis, sister species of S. sclerotiorum, and cause debilitation of these two fungi, but cannot infect or transfect other tested fungi, such as Botrytis cinerea, which shares the same family with S. sclerotiorum. Virus particles are likely to be very stable on the leaves of A. thaliana plants because viral DNA could be detected at 15 d postinoculation on unwounded leaves and at 10 d postinoculation on wounded leaves, respectively; however, this virus could not infect and move in plant cells. Our findings may prompt a reconsideration of the generalization that mycoviruses lack an extracellular phase in their life cycles and stimulate the search for other DNA mycoviruses with potential use as natural fungicides.
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              Diverse circular ssDNA viruses discovered in dragonflies (Odonata: Epiprocta).

              Karyna Rosario, Anisha Dayaram, Milen Marinov … (2012)
              Viruses with circular ssDNA genomes that encode a replication initiator protein (Rep) are among the smallest viruses known to infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In the past few years an overwhelming diversity of novel circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses has been unearthed from various hosts and environmental sources. Since there is limited information regarding CRESS-DNA viruses in invertebrates, this study explored the diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses circulating among insect populations by targeting dragonflies (Epiprocta), top insect predators that accumulate viruses from their insect prey over space and time. Using degenerate PCR and rolling circle amplification coupled with restriction digestion, 17 CRESS-DNA viral genomes were recovered from eight different dragonfly species collected in tropical and temperate regions. Nine of the genomes are similar to cycloviruses and represent five species within this genus, suggesting that cycloviruses are commonly associated with insects. Three of the CRESS-DNA viruses share conserved genomic features with recently described viruses similar to the mycovirus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1, leading to the proposal of the genus Gemycircularvirus. The remaining viruses are divergent species representing four novel CRESS-DNA viral genera, including a gokushovirus-like prokaryotic virus (microphage) and three eukaryotic viruses with Reps similar to circoviruses. The novelty of CRESS-DNA viruses identified in dragonflies using simple molecular techniques indicates that there is an unprecedented diversity of ssDNA viruses among insect populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 August 2013
                Publication date Collection: Jul-Aug 2013
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00559-13
                Affiliations
                School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand [a ]
                Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand [b ]
                the Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand [c ]
                Natural Hazards Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand [d ]
                Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa [e ]
                Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand [f ]
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Arvind Varsani, arvind.varsani@ 123456canterbury.ac.nz .
                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00559-13
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00559-13
                PMC ID: 3738888
                PubMed ID: 23929472
                SO-VID: a01e0721-3a67-4365-8e9f-4cd6e59b3c1b
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Kraberger et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                Date received : 3 July 2013
                Date accepted : 8 July 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Viruses
                Custom metadata
                cover-date July/August 2013
                access-type free

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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