<p class="first" id="d210881e132">Besides apoptosis, necrosis can also occur in a
highly regulated and genetically controlled
manner, defined as regulated necrosis, which is characterized by a loss of cell membrane
integrity and release of cytoplasmic content. Depending on the involvement of its
signal pathway, regulated necrosis can be further classified as necroptosis, ferroptosis,
pyroptosis and parthanatos. Numerous studies have demonstrated that regulated necrosis
is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases covering almost all organs including
the brain, heart, liver, kidney, intestine, blood vessel, eye and skin, particularly
myocardial infarction and stroke. Most recently, growing evidence suggests that multiple
types of regulated necrosis contribute to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells,
retinal pigment epithelial cells or photoreceptor cells, which are the main pathologic
features for glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa, respectively.
This review focuses on the involvement of necroptosis and ferroptosis in these blinding
diseases.
</p>