A detailed analysis of F-MuLV- and SFFV-infected cells in Friend virus-infected mice reveals the contribution of both F-MuLV- and SFFV-infected cells to the interleukin-10 host response

Abstract

Background

Friend virus (FV) is a complex of the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and the replication-defective, pathogenic spleen focus forming virus (SFFV). In the past, we used a fluorescently labeled F-MuLV to analyze FV target cells. To build on these findings, we have now created a double-labeled FV that contains a Katushka-labeled F-MuLV and an mTagBFP-labeled SFFV, which we have used to study the infection by the two individual viruses in the FV infection of highly susceptible BALB/c mice.

Results

Our data show that the target cells of SFFV largely mirror those of F-MuLV, with the highest virus loads in erythroblasts, B cells and myeloid cells. The early phase of infection was dominated by cells infected by either SFFV or F-MuLV, whereas double-infected cells became dominant later in the course of infection with increasing viral loads. In the late phase of infection, the frequency of double-infected cells was similarly high as the frequencies of SFFV or F-MuLV single-infected cells, and single- and double-infected cells outnumbered the uninfected cells in the most highly infected cell populations such as erythroblasts. FV and retroviruses in general have been shown to induce interleukin 10 (IL-10) as a means of suppressing immune responses. Interestingly, we found in infected IL-10-eGFP reporter mice that SFFV-infected cells contributed to the IL-10-producing cell pool much more significantly than F-MuLV-infected cells, suggesting that the truncated SFFV envelope protein gp55 might play a role in IL-10 induction. Even though BALB/c mice mount notoriously weak immune responses against FV, infection of mice with an ablation of IL-10 expression in T cells showed transiently lower viral loads and stronger T cell activation, suggesting that IL-10 induction by FV and by SFFV in particular may contribute to a suppressed immune response in BALB/c mice.

Conclusion

Our data provide detailed information about both F-MuLV- and SFFV-infected cells during the course of FV infection in highly susceptible mice and imply that the pathogenic SFFV contributes to immune suppression.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00613-4.