Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations

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Abstract

The exposome comprises all environmental exposures that a person experiences from conception throughout the life course. Here we review the state of the science for assessing external exposures within the exposome. This article reviews ( a) categories of exposures that can be assessed externally, ( b) the current state of the science in external exposure assessment, ( c) current tools available for external exposure assessment, and ( d) priority research needs. We describe major scientific and technological advances that inform external assessment of the exposome, including geographic information systems; remote sensing; global positioning system and geolocation technologies; portable and personal sensing, including smartphone-based sensors and assessments; and self-reported questionnaire assessments, which increasingly rely on Internet-based platforms. We also discuss priority research needs related to methodological and technological improvement, data analysis and interpretation, data sharing, and other practical considerations, including improved assessment of exposure variability as well as exposure in multiple, critical life stages.

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Rationale and study design of the Japan environment and children’s study (JECS)

Toshihiro Kawamoto, Hiroshi Nitta, Katsuyuki Murata … (2014)

Background There is global concern over significant threats from a wide variety of environmental hazards to which children face. Large-scale and long-term birth cohort studies are needed for better environmental management based on sound science. The primary objective of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a nation-wide birth cohort study that started its recruitment in January 2011, is to elucidate environmental factors that affect children’s health and development. Methods/Design Approximately 100,000 expecting mothers who live in designated study areas will be recruited over a 3-year period from January 2011. Participating children will be followed until they reach 13 years of age. Exposure to environmental factors will be assessed by chemical analyses of bio-specimens (blood, cord blood, urine, breast milk, and hair), household environment measurements, and computational simulations using monitoring data (e.g. ambient air quality monitoring) as well as questionnaires. JECS’ priority outcomes include reproduction/pregnancy complications, congenital anomalies, neuropsychiatric disorders, immune system disorders, and metabolic/endocrine system disorders. Genetic factors, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle factors will also be examined as covariates and potential confounders. To maximize representativeness, we adopted provider-mediated community-based recruitment. Discussion Through JECS, chemical substances to which children are exposed during the fetal stage or early childhood will be identified. The JECS results will be translated to better risk assessment and management to provide healthy environment for next generations.

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A survey of mobile phone sensing

Nicholas Lane, Emiliano Miluzzo, Hong Lu … (2010)

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Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study

Dan Crouse, Paul Peters, Aaron van Donkelaar … (2012)

Background: Few cohort studies have evaluated the risk of mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)]. This is the first national-level cohort study to investigate these risks in Canada. Objective: We investigated the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and cardiovascular mortality in nonimmigrant Canadian adults. Methods: We assigned estimates of exposure to ambient PM2.5 derived from satellite observations to a cohort of 2.1 million Canadian adults who in 1991 were among the 20% of the population mandated to provide detailed census data. We identified deaths occurring between 1991 and 2001 through record linkage. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for available individual-level and contextual covariates using both standard Cox proportional survival models and nested, spatial random-effects survival models. Results: Using standard Cox models, we calculated HRs of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.16) from nonaccidental causes and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.35) from ischemic heart disease for each 10-μg/m3 increase in concentrations of PM2.5. Using spatial random-effects models controlling for the same variables, we calculated HRs of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.15) and 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18, 1.43), respectively. We found similar associations between nonaccidental mortality and PM2.5 based on satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements in a subanalysis of subjects in 11 cities. Conclusions: In this large national cohort of nonimmigrant Canadians, mortality was associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5. Associations were observed with exposures to PM2.5 at concentrations that were predominantly lower (mean, 8.7 μg/m3; interquartile range, 6.2 μg/m3) than those reported previously.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 8006431

Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 1309

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Annu Rev Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Annu Rev Public Health

Title: Annual review of public health

ISSN (Print): 0163-7525

ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2093

Publication date Nihms-submitted: 29 January 2020

Publication date (Print): 20 March 2017

Publication date PMC-release: 16 April 2020

Volume: 38

Pages: 215-239

Affiliations

[1 ]Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08003, Spain

[2 ]Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain

[3 ]CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain

[4 ]McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 3Z7, Canada

[5 ]Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

[6 ]National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709

[7 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Psychology, University of Southern, California, Los Angeles, California 90033

[8 ]Center for Human Health and the Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695

[9 ]Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

[10 ]Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94704

[11 ]Department of Environmental Health Science, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772

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michelle.turner@ 123456isglobal.org

Article

Manuscript ID: NIHMS929983

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082516-012802

PMC ID: 7161939

PubMed ID: 28384083

SO-VID: 99ba9ad5-3f3a-45a2-8da9-b95b6f4aa37d

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC-BY-SA) International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium and any derivative work is made available under the same, similar, or a compatible license. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

Assessing the Exposome with External Measures: Commentary on the State of the Science and Research Recommendations

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Most cited references 93

Rationale and study design of the Japan environment and children’s study (JECS)

A survey of mobile phone sensing

Risk of Nonaccidental and Cardiovascular Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter: A Canadian National-Level Cohort Study

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