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      Nano Porous Carbon Derived from Citrus Pomace for the Separation and Purification of PMFs in Citrus Processing Wastes

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          Abstract

          The by-product of citrus juice processing is a huge source of bioactive compounds, especially polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and fibers. In this study, a method for the separation and purification of PMFs from citrus pomace was established based on citrus nanoporous carbon (CNPC) enrichment. Different biomass porous carbons were synthesized, their adsorption/desorption characteristics were evaluated, and the CNPCs from the peel of Citrus tangerina Tanaka were found to be best for the enrichment of PMFs from the crude extracts of citrus pomace. Using this method, six PMF compounds including low-abundant PMFs in citrus fruits such as 5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone can be simultaneously obtained, and the purities of these compounds were all higher than 95%, with the highest purity of nobiletin reaching 99.96%. Therefore, CNPCs have a great potential for the separation and purification of PMFs in citrus processing wastes, potentially improving the added value of citrus wastes. We also provide a method reference for disposing of citrus pomace in the future.

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          Valorisation of citrus processing waste: A review

          D.A. Zema, P.S. Calabrò, A. Folino … (2018)
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            Bio-refinery of orange peels waste: a new concept based on integrated green and solvent free extraction processes using ultrasound and microwave techniques to obtain essential oil, polyphenols and pectin.

            Meryem Boukroufa, Chahrazed Boutekedjiret, Loïc Petigny … (2015)
            In this study, extraction of essential oil, polyphenols and pectin from orange peel has been optimized using microwave and ultrasound technology without adding any solvent but only "in situ" water which was recycled and used as solvent. The essential oil extraction performed by Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) was optimized and compared to steam distillation extraction (SD). No significant changes in yield were noticed: 4.22 ± 0.03% and 4.16 ± 0.05% for MHG and SD, respectively. After extraction of essential oil, residual water of plant obtained after MHG extraction was used as solvent for polyphenols and pectin extraction from MHG residues. Polyphenols extraction was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction (CE). Response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite designs (CCD) approach was launched to investigate the influence of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The statistical analysis revealed that the optimized conditions of ultrasound power and temperature were 0.956 W/cm(2) and 59.83°C giving a polyphenol yield of 50.02 mgGA/100 g dm. Compared with the conventional extraction (CE), the UAE gave an increase of 30% in TPC yield. Pectin was extracted by conventional and microwave assisted extraction. This technique gives a maximal yield of 24.2% for microwave power of 500 W in only 3 min whereas conventional extraction gives 18.32% in 120 min. Combination of microwave, ultrasound and the recycled "in situ" water of citrus peels allow us to obtain high added values compounds in shorter time and managed to make a closed loop using only natural resources provided by the plant which makes the whole process intensified in term of time and energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water.
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              Citrus fruits as a treasure trove of active natural metabolites that potentially provide benefits for human health

              Xinmiao Lv, Siyu Zhao, Zhangchi Ning … (2015)
              Citrus fruits, which are cultivated worldwide, have been recognized as some of the most high-consumption fruits in terms of energy, nutrients and health supplements. What is more, a number of these fruits have been used as traditional medicinal herbs to cure diseases in several Asian countries. Numerous studies have focused on Citrus secondary metabolites as well as bioactivities and have been intended to develop new chemotherapeutic or complementary medicine in recent decades. Citrus-derived secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, limonoids, coumarins, carotenoids, phenolic acids and essential oils, are of vital importance to human health due to their active properties. These characteristics include anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, as well as cardiovascular protective effects, neuroprotective effects, etc. This review summarizes the global distribution and taxonomy, numerous secondary metabolites and bioactivities of Citrus fruits to provide a reference for further study. Flavonoids as characteristic bioactive metabolites in Citrus fruits are mainly introduced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-015-0145-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomaterials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nanomaterials
                Title: Nanomaterials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-4991
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 September 2020
                Publication date Collection: October 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1914
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; zhenqinglee@ 123456126.com (Z.L.); chenxinruyi676893@ 123456163.com (X.C.); 18696516978@ 123456139.com (L.Q.); wyoo20@ 123456163.com (Y.W.)
                [2 ]The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zhouzhiqin@ 123456swu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-1047
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: nanomaterials-10-01914
                DOI: 10.3390/nano10101914
                PMC ID: 7600721
                PubMed ID: 32992899
                SO-VID: 992429b0-89c6-4dfc-9954-9e734f8fe64a
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 August 2020
                Date accepted : 23 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: citrus pomace,citrus nanoporous carbon,pmfs,adsorption/desorption
                Data availability:
                Keywords: citrus pomace, citrus nanoporous carbon, pmfs, adsorption/desorption

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