An animal model that reflects human disease: the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus )

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Highlights

► The common marmoset is a new world primate weighing between 350 and 400 g. ► Marmosets are exquisite NHP models for viral, protozoan, bacterial agents as well as prions. ► Marmosets have emerged as a viable model for studying high biocontainment pathogens. ► Models have been described for Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, SARS-CoA and EEE viruses. ► Use of marmosets will accelerate development of countermeasures to high consequence pathogens.

Abstract

The common marmoset is a new world primate belonging to the Callitrichidae family weighing between 350 and 400 g. The marmoset has been shown to be an outstanding model for studying aging, reproduction, neuroscience, toxicology, and infectious disease. With regard to their susceptibility to infectious agents, they are exquisite NHP models for viral, protozoan and bacterial agents, as well as prions. The marmoset provides the advantages of a small animal model in high containment coupled with the immunological repertoire of a nonhuman primate and susceptibility to wild type, non-adapted viruses.

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Most cited references 51

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Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection.

Thomas W. Geisbert, Lisa Hensley, Tom Larsen … (2003)

Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and fatal hemorrhagic disease that in many ways appears to be similar in humans and nonhuman primates; however, little is known about the development of EBOV hemorrhagic fever. In the present study, 21 cynomolgus monkeys were experimentally infected with EBOV and examined sequentially over a 6-day period to investigate the pathological events of EBOV infection that lead to death. Importantly, dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues were identified as early and sustained targets of EBOV, implicating their important role in the immunosuppression characteristic of EBOV infections. Bystander lymphocyte apoptosis, previously described in end-stage tissues, occurred early in the disease-course in intravascular and extravascular locations. Of note, apoptosis and loss of NK cells was a prominent finding, suggesting the importance of innate immunity in determining the fate of the host. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression showed temporal increases in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and Fas transcripts, revealing a possible mechanism for the observed bystander apoptosis, while up-regulation of NAIP and cIAP2 mRNA suggest that EBOV has evolved additional mechanisms to resist host defenses by inducing protective transcripts in cells that it infects. The sequence of pathogenetic events identified in this study should provide new targets for rational prophylactic and chemotherapeutic interventions.

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Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus.

Roger W. Barrette, Samia A Metwally, Jessica M Rowland … (2009)

Since the discovery of the Marburg and Ebola species of filovirus, seemingly random, sporadic fatal outbreaks of disease in humans and nonhuman primates have given impetus to identification of host tropisms and potential reservoirs. Domestic swine in the Philippines, experiencing unusually severe outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome, have now been discovered to host Reston ebolavirus (REBOV). Although REBOV is the only member of Filoviridae that has not been associated with disease in humans, its emergence in the human food chain is of concern. REBOV isolates were found to be more divergent from each other than from the original virus isolated in 1989, indicating polyphyletic origins and that REBOV has been circulating since, and possibly before, the initial discovery of REBOV in monkeys.

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Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management.

Jonas T Johnson, Tara O'Toole, K Tonat … (2002)

To develop consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are used as biological weapons against a civilian population. The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense included 26 representatives from academic medical centers, public health, military services, governmental agencies, and other emergency management institutions. MEDLINE was searched from January 1966 to January 2002. Retrieved references, relevant material published prior to 1966, and additional sources identified by participants were reviewed. Three formal drafts of the statement that synthesized information obtained in the evidence-gathering process were reviewed by the working group. Each draft incorporated comments and judgments of the members. All members approved the final draft. Weapons disseminating a number of HFVs could cause an outbreak of an undifferentiated febrile illness 2 to 21 days later, associated with clinical manifestations that could include rash, hemorrhagic diathesis, and shock. The mode of transmission and clinical course would vary depending on the specific pathogen. Diagnosis may be delayed given clinicians' unfamiliarity with these diseases, heterogeneous clinical presentation within an infected cohort, and lack of widely available diagnostic tests. Initiation of ribavirin therapy in the early phases of illness may be useful in treatment of some of these viruses, although extensive experience is lacking. There are no licensed vaccines to treat the diseases caused by HFVs.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jean L Patterson

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Opin Virol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Opin Virol

Title: Current Opinion in Virology

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Print): 1879-6257

ISSN (Electronic): 1879-6265

Publication date PMC-release: 13 March 2012

Publication date (Print): June 2012

Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2012

Volume: 2

Issue: 3

Pages: 357-362

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA

[2 ]Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA

Article

Publisher ID: S1879-6257(12)00034-X

DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.007

PMC ID: 3378983

PubMed ID: 22709521

SO-VID: 95f26071-30ac-4774-8fcb-62e2b5e8fa94

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

An animal model that reflects human disease: the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus)

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Animal models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Most cited references 51

Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection.

Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus.

Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management.

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