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      An Overview of Plant Phenolic Compounds and Their Importance in Human Nutrition and Management of Type 2 Diabetes

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          Abstract

          In this paper, the biosynthesis process of phenolic compounds in plants is summarized, which include the shikimate, pentose phosphate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Plant phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants, structural polymers (lignin), attractants (flavonoids and carotenoids), UV screens (flavonoids), signal compounds (salicylic acid and flavonoids) and defense response chemicals (tannins and phytoalexins). From a human physiological standpoint, phenolic compounds are vital in defense responses, such as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. Therefore, it is beneficial to eat such plant foods that have a high antioxidant compound content, which will cut down the incidence of certain chronic diseases, for instance diabetes, cancers and cardiovascular diseases, through the management of oxidative stress. Furthermore, berries and other fruits with low-amylase and high-glucosidase inhibitory activities could be regarded as candidate food items in the control of the early stages of hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes.

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          Phenolic compounds in plants and agri-industrial by-products: Antioxidant activity, occurrence, and potential uses

          Nagendran Balasundram, Kalyana Sundram, Samir Samman (2006)
          Article 0 comments Cited 525 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

            John C. Pickup (2004)
            There is increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine-induced acute-phase response (sometimes called low-grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system) is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Elevated circulating inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 diabetes, and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties lower both acute-phase reactants and glycemia (aspirin and thiazolidinediones) and possibly decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (statins). Among the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, which are also known to be associated with activated innate immunity, are age, inactivity, certain dietary components, smoking, psychological stress, and low birth weight. Activated immunity may be the common antecedent of both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, which probably develop in parallel. Other features of type 2 diabetes, such as fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression, are likely to be at least partly due to hypercytokinemia and activated innate immunity. Further research is needed to confirm and clarify the role of innate immunity in type 2 diabetes, particularly the extent to which inflammation in type 2 diabetes is a primary abnormality or partly secondary to hyperglycemia, obesity, atherosclerosis, or other common features of the disease.
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              Impact of Dietary Polyphenols on Carbohydrate Metabolism

              Kati Hanhineva, Riitta Törrönen, Isabel Bondia-Pons … (2010)
              Polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins and resveratrol, are a large and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in plant-based foods, such as tea, coffee, wine, cocoa, cereal grains, soy, fruits and berries. Growing evidence indicates that various dietary polyphenols may influence carbohydrate metabolism at many levels. In animal models and a limited number of human studies carried out so far, polyphenols and foods or beverages rich in polyphenols have attenuated postprandial glycemic responses and fasting hyperglycemia, and improved acute insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. The possible mechanisms include inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the intestine, stimulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic β–cells, modulation of glucose release from the liver, activation of insulin receptors and glucose uptake in the insulin-sensitive tissues, and modulation of intracellular signalling pathways and gene expression. The positive effects of polyphenols on glucose homeostasis observed in a large number of in vitro and animal models are supported by epidemiological evidence on polyphenol-rich diets. To confirm the implications of polyphenol consumption for prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and eventually type 2 diabetes, human trials with well-defined diets, controlled study designs and clinically relevant end-points together with holistic approaches e.g., systems biology profiling technologies are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Pinarosa Avato: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 October 2016
                Publication date Collection: October 2016
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1374
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 46, Xinkang Road, Ya’an 625014, Sichuan, China; 18227591863@ 123456126.com (M.X.); 18227591123@ 123456126.com (J.Z.); sakataharuka@ 123456hotmail.com (Z.L.); 18227589580@ 123456163.com (X.L.); 18227589574@ 123456163.com (M.K.); 18227584828@ 123456163.com (L.L.); zhangqing@ 123456sicau.edu.cn (Q.Z.); lyw@ 123456my.swjtu.edu.cn (Y.L.); chenhong945@ 123456sicau.edu.cn (H.C.); qinwen@ 123456sicau.edu.cn (W.Q.); hejunwu520@ 123456163.com (H.W.); 13551570482@ 123456163.com (S.C.)
                [2 ]Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; bx@ 123456umass.edu
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: lindr2018@ 123456sicau.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-835-288-2311
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-21-01374
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101374
                PMC ID: 6274266
                PubMed ID: 27754463
                SO-VID: 95ede266-a282-430a-bed3-60755e61f870
                Copyright © © 2016 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 September 2016
                Date accepted : 12 October 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: phenolic compounds,biosynthesis,function,complication,type 2 diabetes
                Data availability:
                Keywords: phenolic compounds, biosynthesis, function, complication, type 2 diabetes

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