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      Estrés psicosocial y baja resiliencia, un factor de riesgo de hipertensión arterial Translated title: Psychosocial Stress and Low Resilience: a Risk Factor for Hypertension

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          Abstract

          Introducción El estrés psicosocial crónico (EPC) fue propuesto como un factor de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC); sin embargo, la complejidad y la falta de medidas objetivas para evaluarlo, unidas al hecho de que no todas las personas reaccionan ante él de igual manera, determinaron que en la actualidad no se cuente con estudios concluyentes al respecto. Objetivos Determinar si la baja resiliencia (BR) frente al EPC se asocia con hipertensión arterial y daño de órgano blanco en pacientes ambulatorios libres de tratamiento que concurren a realizarse un examen periódico de salud y comprobar si esta asociación tiene relación con el patrón de activación neurohormonal. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio preliminar, observacional transversal, en el que se enrolaron en forma consecutiva 53 individuos, 32 varones y 21 mujeres. Los pacientes completaron dos cuestionarios: uno para medir EPC y el otro, la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson. Quedaron divididos en cuatro grupos: 1, sin EPC y con resiliencia normal (RN); 2, sin EPC y con baja resiliencia (BR); 3, con EPC y RN; 4, con EPC y BR. Resultados El porcentaje de hipertensos fue superior en el grupo 4 (p < 0,001), como también el de individuos con incremento de la circunferencia de la cintura (ICC) (p = 0,05). Si bien los niveles de noradrenalina, cortisol y ácido vanililmandélico fueron ligeramente superiores en el grupo 4, las diferencias no alcanzaron significación estadística. Para determinar si el EPC unido a BR es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial se empleó un modelo de regresión logística, controlado por confundidores; el odds ratio fue de 10,9 con intervalos de confianza del 95%, inferior de 1,8 y superior de 65,2. Conclusiones Datos preliminares sugieren que individuos con EPC unido a BR tienen un riesgo alto para el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial.

          Translated abstract

          Background Chronic psychosocial stress (CPSS) has been proposed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); yet there are not conclusive studies supporting this theory due to the complexity and the lack of objective assessment measures, together with the absence of homogeneous reactions towards CPSS. Objectives To determine the presence of an association between low resilience (LR) to chronic PSS and hypertension and target organ damage in untreated outpatients undergoing a routine health examination, and to determine whether this association is related to the pattern of neurohumoral activation. Material and Methods We conducted a preliminary observational and cross-sectional study that enrolled 53 consecutive patients, 32 men and 21 women. The patients answered two questionnaires: one measured CPSS and the other the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Patients were divided into four groups: 1, no CPSS and normal resilience (NR); 2, no CPPS and low resilience (LR) 3, with CPSS and NR; 4 with CPSS and LR. Results The prevalence of hypertension and increased waist circumference (IWC) was greater in group 4 (p<0.001 and p=0.05, respectively). The plasma levels of norepinephrine, cortisol and vanillyl mandelic acid were slightly increased in group 4, yet these differences were not significant. A logistic regression model was used to control for confounding in order to determine whether CPPS together with LR constitute a risk factor for the development of hypertension; odds ratio, 10.9, 95% CI: 1.7-65.2. Conclusions These preliminary data suggest that subjects with CPPS and LR have high risk for the development of hypertension.

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          Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

          Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease.

            There is an enormous amount of literature on psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. This report reviews conceptual issues in defining stress and then explores the ramifications of stress in terms of the effects of acute versus long-term stressors on cardiac functioning. Examples of acute stressor studies are discussed in terms of disasters (earthquakes) and in the context of experimental stress physiology studies, which offer a more detailed perspective on underlying physiology. Studies of chronic stressors are discussed in terms of job stress, marital unhappiness, and burden of caregiving. From all of these studies there are extensive data concerning stressors' contributions to diverse pathophysiological changes including sudden death, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, and wall motion abnormalities, as well as to alterations in cardiac regulation as indexed by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity and hemostasis. Although stressors trigger events, it is less clear that stress "causes" the events. There is nonetheless overwhelming evidence both for the deleterious effects of stress on the heart and for the fact that vulnerability and resilience factors play a role in amplifying or dampening those effects. Numerous approaches are available for stress management that can decrease patients' suffering and enhance their quality of life.
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              The genetic basis of complex human behaviors

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rac
                Revista argentina de cardiología
                Rev. argent. cardiol.
                Sociedad Argentina de Cardiología (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1850-3748
                October 2010
                : 78
                : 5
                : 425-431
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital de Niños orgdiv1Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas
                [02] Zárate Buenos Aires orgnameClínica Privada del Carmen
                [05] orgnameHospital Universitario Austral orgdiv1Laboratorio No Invasivo
                [03] orgnameSociedad Argentina de Cardiología
                [04] orgnameCONICET
                Article
                S1850-37482010000500009
                95aba3b3-2430-4db6-8721-2d815fa6483b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 May 2010
                : 21 April 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Hypertension,Chronic Psychosocial Stress,Resilience Catecholamines,Cortisol,Hipertensión arterial,Estrés psicosocial crónico,Resiliencia,Catecolaminas

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