Past East Asian monsoon evolution controlled by paleogeography, not CO 2

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Abstract

The monsoon has been ever present for ~56 Ma with the evolution controlled by paleogeography and is insensitive to changing CO ₂.

Abstract

The East Asian monsoon plays an integral role in human society, yet its geological history and controlling processes are poorly understood. Using a general circulation model and geological data, we explore the drivers controlling the evolution of the monsoon system over the past 150 million years. In contrast to previous work, we find that the monsoon is controlled primarily by changes in paleogeography, with little influence from atmospheric CO ₂. We associate increased precipitation since the Late Cretaceous with the gradual uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan region, transitioning from an ITCZ-dominated monsoon to a sea breeze–dominated monsoon. The rising region acted as a mechanical barrier to cold and dry continental air advecting into the region, leading to increasing influence of moist air from the Indian Ocean/South China Sea. We show that, apart from a dry period in the middle Cretaceous, a monsoon system has existed in East Asia since at least the Early Cretaceous.

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Changes in past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations can be determined by measuring the composition of air trapped in ice cores from Antarctica. So far, the Antarctic Vostok and EPICA Dome C ice cores have provided a composite record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over the past 650,000 years. Here we present results of the lowest 200 m of the Dome C ice core, extending the record of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by two complete glacial cycles to 800,000 yr before present. From previously published data and the present work, we find that atmospheric carbon dioxide is strongly correlated with Antarctic temperature throughout eight glacial cycles but with significantly lower concentrations between 650,000 and 750,000 yr before present. Carbon dioxide levels are below 180 parts per million by volume (p.p.m.v.) for a period of 3,000 yr during Marine Isotope Stage 16, possibly reflecting more pronounced oceanic carbon storage. We report the lowest carbon dioxide concentration measured in an ice core, which extends the pre-industrial range of carbon dioxide concentrations during the late Quaternary by about 10 p.p.m.v. to 172-300 p.p.m.v.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Adv

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Adv

Journal ID (publisher-id): SciAdv

Journal ID (hwp): advances

Title: Science Advances

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science

ISSN (Electronic): 2375-2548

Publication date Collection: October 2019

Publication date (Electronic): 30 October 2019

Volume: 5

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: eaax1697

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK.

[2 ]Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UJ, UK.

[3 ]Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK.

[4 ]Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

[5 ]Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

[6 ]Research Center for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, PR China.

[7 ]Knowing Earth Limited, Otley, West Yorkshire, UK.

[8 ]CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.

[9 ]Getech Group plc, Leeds LS8 2LJ, UK.

[10 ]Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Earth Sciences, and School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author. Email: alex.farnsworth@ 123456bristol.ac.uk

Author information

Alex Farnsworth http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-5338

Daniel J. Lunt http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3585-6928

Stuart A. Robinson http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-1058

Paul J. Valdes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-3283

William H. G. Roberts http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8249-1901

Peter D. Clift http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-6388

Tao Su http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9148-6127

Fran Bragg http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8179-4214

Richard D. Pancost http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-4026

Article

Publisher ID: aax1697

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1697

PMC ID: 6821471

PubMed ID: 31692956

SO-VID: 9595238e-ca92-4bb9-917c-5f4ac6ce63e9

Copyright © Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.