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      Detecting anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in urine samples: A noninvasive and sensitive way to assay COVID-19 immune conversion

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          Abstract

          Serum-based ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) has been widely used to detect anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. However, to date, no study has investigated patient urine as a biological sample to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus-specific antibodies. An in-house urine-based ELISA was developed using recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in urine was established, with 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the detection of anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with the urine-based ELISA and 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity with a paired serum-based ELISA. The urine-based ELISA that detects anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is a noninvasive method with potential application as a facile COVID-19 immunodiagnostic platform, which can be used to report the extent of exposure at the population level and/or to assess the risk of infection at the individual level.

          Abstract

          Abstract

          Urine sampling offers a new, viable, and reliable noninvasive possibility for detecting anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

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          Most cited references31

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          Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19

          We report acute antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 285 patients with COVID-19. Within 19 days after symptom onset, 100% of patients tested positive for antiviral immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Seroconversion for IgG and IgM occurred simultaneously or sequentially. Both IgG and IgM titers plateaued within 6 days after seroconversion. Serological testing may be helpful for the diagnosis of suspected patients with negative RT-PCR results and for the identification of asymptomatic infections.
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            A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans

            Here, we describe a serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the screening and identification of human SARS-CoV-2 seroconverters. This assay does not require the handling of infectious virus, can be adjusted to detect different antibody types in serum and plasma and is amenable to scaling. Serological assays are of critical importance to help define previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in populations, identify highly reactive human donors for convalescent plasma therapy and investigate correlates of protection.
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              A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

              Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - original draftRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: Resources
                Role: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Resources
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing - review & editing
                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                sciadv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                May 2022
                13 May 2022
                : 8
                : 19
                : eabn7424
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [2 ]Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [3 ]Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas (CT Vacinas), BH-Tec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [4 ]Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
                [5 ]Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [6 ]Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30.130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                [7 ]Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: feludolf@ 123456gmail.com
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work as co–senior authors.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3357-9816
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7852-0300
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1578-6678
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9663-4731
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-0607
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-0422
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1416-8694
                Article
                abn7424
                10.1126/sciadv.abn7424
                9106288
                35559681
                9506eb35-d544-4834-a4ed-bfa2b78a9529
                Copyright © 2022 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 December 2021
                : 31 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: APQ-408675/2018-7
                Funded by: Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation;
                Award ID: Rede Virus initiative
                Funded by: Secretaria de Educação / MEC;
                Award ID: 04/2020
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biomedicine and Life Sciences
                SciAdv r-articles
                Health and Medicine
                Coronavirus
                Custom metadata
                Nicole Falcasantos

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