Trend and heterogeneity in forced vital capacity among Chinese students during 1985–2019: results from Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health

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Abstract

Background

Forced vital capacity (FVC) reflects respiratory health, but the long-term trend and heterogeneity in FVC of Chinese students were understudied.

Methods

Data were from Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health 1985–2019. Super Imposition by Translation and Rotation model was used to draw FVC growth curves. Sex-, region-, and nationality-heterogeneity in FVC was evaluated. Spearman correlation and generalized additive model was used to reveal influencing factors for FVC.

Results

Compared to 1985, age at peak FVC velocity was 1.09, 3.17, 0.74, and 1.87 years earlier for urban male, urban female, rural male, and rural female in 2019, respectively. Peak FVC velocity first decreased and then increased during 1985–2019, only male rebounded to larger than 1985 level. FVC declined from 1985 to 2005 and then raised. Males consistently had higher FVC than females, with disparities increasing in the 13–15 age group. Urban students also had higher FVC than rural students. In 2019, FVC difference between 30 Chinese provinces and the national average showed four scenarios: consistently above national average; less than national average until age 18, then above; greater than national average until age 18, then this advantage reversed; less than national average in almost all the age. Most Chinese ethnic minority students had lower FVC levels compared to Han students. Spearman correlation and generalized additive model showed that age, sex, and height were the leading influencing factors of FVC, followed by socioeconomic and environmental factors.

Conclusions

Chinese students experienced advanced FVC spurt, and there was sex-, region- and nationality-heterogeneity in FVC. Routine measurement of FVC is necessary in less developed areas of China.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-023-02573-5.

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Most cited references 44

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Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations.

Philip H. Quanjer, Sanja Stanojevic, Tim J. Cole … (2012)

The aim of the Task Force was to derive continuous prediction equations and their lower limits of normal for spirometric indices, which are applicable globally. Over 160,000 data points from 72 centres in 33 countries were shared with the European Respiratory Society Global Lung Function Initiative. Eliminating data that could not be used (mostly missing ethnic group, some outliers) left 97,759 records of healthy nonsmokers (55.3% females) aged 2.5-95 yrs. Lung function data were collated and prediction equations derived using the LMS method, which allows simultaneous modelling of the mean (mu), the coefficient of variation (sigma) and skewness (lambda) of a distribution family. After discarding 23,572 records, mostly because they could not be combined with other ethnic or geographic groups, reference equations were derived for healthy individuals aged 3-95 yrs for Caucasians (n=57,395), African-Americans (n=3,545), and North (n=4,992) and South East Asians (n=8,255). Forced expiratory value in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity (FVC) between ethnic groups differed proportionally from that in Caucasians, such that FEV(1)/FVC remained virtually independent of ethnic group. For individuals not represented by these four groups, or of mixed ethnic origins, a composite equation taken as the average of the above equations is provided to facilitate interpretation until a more appropriate solution is developed. Spirometric prediction equations for the 3-95-age range are now available that include appropriate age-dependent lower limits of normal. They can be applied globally to different ethnic groups. Additional data from the Indian subcontinent and Arabic, Polynesian and Latin American countries, as well as Africa will further improve these equations in the future.

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James Sallis, Ester Cerin, Terry Conway … (2016)

Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults.

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Is Open Access

MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP

Toshimasa Ohara, Meng Li, Qiang Zhang … (2017)

The MIX inventory is developed for the years 2008 and 2010 to support the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) and the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF HTAP) by a mosaic of up-to-date regional emission inventories. Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources in 29 countries and regions in Asia. We conducted detailed comparisons of different regional emission inventories and incorporated the best available ones for each region into the mosaic inventory at a uniform spatial and temporal resolution. Emissions are aggregated to five anthropogenic sectors: power, industry, residential, transportation, and agriculture. We estimate the total Asian emissions of 10 species in 2010 as follows: 51.3 Tg SO 2 , 52.1 Tg NO x , 336.6 Tg CO, 67.0 Tg NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds), 28.8 Tg NH 3 , 31.7 Tg PM 10 , 22.7 Tg PM 2.5 , 3.5 Tg BC, 8.3 Tg OC, and 17.3 Pg CO 2 . Emissions from China and India dominate the emissions of Asia for most of the species. We also estimated Asian emissions in 2006 using the same methodology of MIX. The relative change rates of Asian emissions for the period of 2006–2010 are estimated as follows: −8.1 % for SO 2 , +19.2 % for NO x , +3.9 % for CO, +15.5 % for NMVOC, +1.7 % for NH 3 , −3.4 % for PM 10 , −1.6 % for PM 2.5 , +5.5 % for BC, +1.8 % for OC, and +19.9 % for CO 2 . Model-ready speciated NMVOC emissions for SAPRC-99 and CB05 mechanisms were developed following a profile-assignment approach. Monthly gridded emissions at a spatial resolution of 0.25°  ×  0.25° are developed and can be accessed from http://www.meicmodel.org/dataset-mix .

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Author and article information

Contributors

Xiulong Wu: wuxiulong6@126.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Respir Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Respir Res

Title: Respiratory Research

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1465-9921

ISSN (Electronic): 1465-993X

Publication date (Electronic): 6 November 2023

Publication date PMC-release: 6 November 2023

Publication date (Print): 2023

Volume: 24

Electronic Location Identifier: 268

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, ( https://ror.org/03xb04968) No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China

[2 ]Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, ( https://ror.org/01mv9t934) No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China

[3 ]Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, ( https://ror.org/03xb04968) No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China

Article

Publisher ID: 2573

DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02573-5

PMC ID: 10626663

PubMed ID: 37926845

SO-VID: 92ee1900-b343-4c88-89f0-882022cb3be9

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 25 September 2023

Date accepted : 22 October 2023

Funding

Funded by: the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China

Award ID: 82204072

Award Recipient : Xiulong Wu

Funded by: Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation

Award ID: 2208085QH260

Award Recipient : Xiulong Wu

Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institution of Anhui Province, China

Award ID: KJ2021A0229

Award Recipient : Xiulong Wu

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine

Keywords: forced vital capacity,chinese national survey on students’ constitution and health,sex disparity,urban–rural difference,nationality heterogeneity

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine

Keywords: forced vital capacity, chinese national survey on students’ constitution and health, sex disparity, urban–rural difference, nationality heterogeneity

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Trend and heterogeneity in forced vital capacity among Chinese students during 1985–2019: results from Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health

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Supplementary Information

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Most cited references 44

Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations.

Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study.

MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP

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