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      Evidence of oxygen bubbles forming nanotube embryos in porous anodic oxides

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      Nanoscale Advances
      RSC

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          Abstract

          Anodic TiO 2 nanotubes have been studied widely for two decades because of their regular tubular structures and extensive applications. However, the formation mechanism of anodic TiO 2 nanotubes remains unclear, because it is difficult to find convincing evidence for popular field-assisted dissolution or field-assisted injection theories and the oxygen bubble model. Here, in a bid to find direct evidence that oxygen bubbles form nanotube embryos, a new method is applied to handle this challenge. Before nanotube formation, a dense cover layer was formed to make nanotubes grow more slowly. Many completely enclosed nanotube embryos formed by oxygen bubbles were found beneath the dense cover layer for the first time. The formation of these enclosed and hollow gourd-shaped embryos is convincing enough to prove that the nanotubes are formed by the oxygen bubble mold, similar to inflating a football, rather than by field-assisted dissolution. Based on the ‘oxygen bubble model’ and ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation and growth process of nanotube embryos is explained clearly for the first time. These interesting findings indicate that the ‘oxygen bubble model’ and ionic current and electronic current theories also apply to anodization of other metals.

          Abstract

          Anodic TiO 2 nanotubes have been studied widely for two decades because of their regular tubular structures and extensive applications.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nanoscale Adv
          Nanoscale Adv
          NA
          NAADAI
          Nanoscale Advances
          RSC
          2516-0230
          24 June 2021
          10 August 2021
          24 June 2021
          : 3
          : 16
          : 4659-4668
          Affiliations
          [a] Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China zhuxufei.njust@ 123456vip.163.com zhujw@ 123456njust.edu.cn
          Author notes
          [†]

          Authors Tianle Gong and Chengyuan Li contributed equally to this work.

          Author information
          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0480-3324
          https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-9683
          Article
          d1na00389e
          10.1039/d1na00389e
          9417053
          36134301
          91b376ad-9e41-4a78-9c90-35937cdd5cae
          This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry
          History
          : 26 May 2021
          : 23 June 2021
          Page count
          Pages: 10
          Funding
          Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
          Award ID: 51777097
          Award ID: 51577093
          Categories
          Chemistry
          Custom metadata
          Paginated Article

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