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      “It’s not safe for me and what would it achieve?” Acceptability of patient-referral partner notification for sexually transmitted infections to young people, a mixed methods study from Zimbabwe

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          Abstract

          Partner notification (PN) is considered integral to the management of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Patient-referral is a common PN strategy and relies on index cases notifying and encouraging their partners to access treatment; however, it has shown limited efficacy. We conducted a mixed methods study to understand young people’s experiences of PN, particularly the risks and challenges encountered during patient-referral. All young people (16–24 years) attending a community-based sexual and reproductive health service in Zimbabwe who were diagnosed with an STI were counselled and offered PN slips, which enabled their partners to access free treatment at the service. PN slip uptake and partner treatment were recorded. Among 1807 young people (85.0% female) offered PN slips, 745 (41.2%) took up ≥1 PN slip and 103 partners (5.7%) returned for treatment. Most participants described feeling ill-equipped to counsel and persuade their partners to seek treatment. Between June and August 2021, youth researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 41 purposively selected young people diagnosed with an STI to explore their experiences of PN. PN posed considerable social risks, threatening their emotional and physical safety. Except for a minority in long-term, publicly acknowledged relationships, participants did not expect PN would achieve successful outcomes. Public health discourse, which constructs PN as “the right thing to do”, influenced participants to adopt narratives that concealed the difficulties of PN and their unmet needs. Urgent interrogation is needed of whether PN is a suitable or constructive strategy to continue pursuing with young people. To improve the outcomes of preventing reinfection and onward transmission of STIs, we must consider developing alternative strategies that better align with young people’s lived experiences.

          Plain language summary Partner notification is a public health strategy used to trace the sexual partners of people who have received a sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis. It aims to interrupt the chains of STI transmission and prevent reinfection by treating both the person diagnosed and their sexual partners. The least effective but most common partner notification strategy used in many resource-limited settings is called “patient referral”. This involves a sexual healthcare provider encouraging the person diagnosed to give a “partner notification slip” to their potentially exposed sexual partner/s and persuading them to access treatment. This research sought to better understand young people’s experiences of partner notification, particularly the risks and challenges they faced during patient-referral.

          All young people (16–24 years) attending a community-based sexual and reproductive health service in Zimbabwe who were diagnosed with an STI were counselled and offered PN slips, which enabled their partners to access free treatment at the service. Young people trained as researchers interviewed 41 young people who had received a STI diagnosis to explore their experiences of partner notification.

          Only a small number (5.7%) of the partners of those who took a slip attended the service for treatment. Most participants felt they did not have the preparation, skills, or resources to persuade their partners to seek treatment. Many described negative experiences during and after partner notification, including relationship breakdown, reputation damage, and physical violence.

          These findings suggest that we should reconsider if partner notification is suitable or effective for use with young people. We should explore alternative approaches that do not present risks to young people’s social, emotional, and physical safety and well-being.

          Résumé

          La notification au partenaire est considérée comme faisant partie intégrante de la prise en charge des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST). L’orientation des patients est une stratégie fréquemment utilisée de notification au partenaire qui suppose que le patient zéro informe ses partenaires et les encourage à se faire traiter; néanmoins, elle a montré une efficacité limitée. Nous avons mené une étude à méthodologie mixte pour comprendre l’expérience des jeunes en matière de notification au partenaire, en particulier les risques et les obstacles rencontrés pendant l’orientation des patients. Tous les jeunes (16–24 ans) fréquentant un service de santé sexuelle et reproductive communautaire au Zimbabwe chez qui une IST avait été diagnostiquée ont été conseillés et se sont vu proposer des formulaires de notification au partenaire permettant à leurs partenaires d’avoir accès à un traitement gratuit dans le service. Le recours à ces formulaires et au traitement par les partenaires a été comptabilisé. Parmi les 1807 jeunes (dont 85.0% de femmes) à qui on a proposé un formulaire de notification des partenaires, 745 (41.2%) ont accepté  ≥ 1 formulaire et 103 partenaires (5.7%) sont revenus pour se faire traiter. La plupart des participants ont indiqué qu’ils se sentaient mal préparés pour conseiller leurs partenaires et les persuader de demander un traitement. Entre juin et août 2021, de jeunes chercheurs ont réalisé des entretiens approfondis avec 41 jeunes sélectionnés à dessein chez qui une IST avait été diagnostiquée afin d’étudier leur expérience en matière de notification au partenaire. Cette notification posait des risques sociaux considérables, menaçant leur sécurité psychique et physique. À l’exception d’une minorité engagée dans des relations reconnues publiquement et de longue durée, les participants ne pensaient pas que la notification au partenaire obtiendrait des résultats satisfaisants. Le discours de santé publique, qui présente la notification au partenaire comme « la chose à faire », incitait les participants à adopter des récits cachant les difficultés de la notification au partenaire et leurs besoins insatisfaits. Il est nécessaire de se demander sans délai si la notification au partenaire est une stratégie adaptée ou constructive qu’il convient de continuer à appliquer avec les jeunes. Pour améliorer la prévention des réinfections et la transmission ultérieure des IST, nous devons envisager l’élaboration de stratégies de substitution, plus alignées sur l’expérience vécue par les jeunes.

          Resumen

          La notificación a la pareja (NP) se considera fundamental para el manejo de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). La referencia de pacientes es una estrategia común de NP, que consiste en que casos índice notifiquen y animen a sus parejas a conseguir tratamiento; sin embargo, ha mostrado eficacia limitada. Realizamos un estudio de métodos mixtos para entender las experiencias de NP de las personas jóvenes, en particular los riesgos y retos encontrados durante la referencia de pacientes. A todas las personas jóvenes (de 16 a 24 años) que asistieron a un servicio comunitario de salud sexual y reproductiva en Zimbabue y a quienes se les diagnóstico una ITS, se les brindó consejería y se les ofrecieron fichas de NP, que permitieron que sus parejas obtuvieran tratamiento gratuito en el servicio. Se registraron la aceptación de las fichas de NP y el tratamiento de las parejas. De 1807 jóvenes (85.0% mujeres) a quienes se les ofrecieron fichas de NP, 745 (41.2%) aceptaron ≥1 ficha de NP y 103 parejas (5.7%) regresaron para recibir tratamiento. La mayoría de las personas participantes describieron sentirse mal preparadas para asesorar y persuadir a sus parejas a que buscaran tratamiento. Entre junio y agosto de 2021, jóvenes investigadores realizaron entrevistas a profundidad con 41 personas jóvenes seleccionadas intencionalmente a quienes se les diagnosticó una ITS, con el fin de explorar sus experiencias de NP. La NP planteó considerables riesgos sociales, y puso en peligro su seguridad emocional y física. Salvo por una minoría que estaba en una relación a largo plazo reconocida públicamente, las personas participantes no esperaban que la NP tuviera buenos resultados. El discurso de salud pública, que construye la NP como “lo que es justo hacer”, influenció a las personas participantes para que adoptaran narrativas que ocultaron las dificultades de la NP y sus necesidades insatisfechas. Se necesita interrogación urgente para determinar si la NP es una estrategia idónea o constructiva que se debe continuar aplicando con las personas jóvenes. Para mejorar los resultados de prevención de reinfección y futura transmisión de ITS, debemos considerar formular otras estrategias que estén mejor alineadas con las vivencias de las personas jóvenes.

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          Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018

          Background Intimate partner violence against women is a global public health problem with many short-term and long-term effects on the physical and mental health of women and their children. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for its elimination in target 5.2. To monitor governments' progress towards SDG target 5.2, this study aimed to provide global, regional, and country baseline estimates of physical or sexual, or both, violence against women by male intimate partners. Methods This study developed global, regional, and country estimates, based on data from the WHO Global Database on Prevalence of Violence Against Women. These data were identified through a systematic literature review searching MEDLINE, Global Health, Embase, Social Policy, and Web of Science, and comprehensive searches of national statistics and other websites. A country consultation process identified additional studies. Included studies were conducted between 2000 and 2018, representative at the national or sub-national level, included women aged 15 years or older, and used act-based measures of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence. Non-population-based data, including administrative data, studies not generalisable to the whole population, studies with outcomes that only provided the combined prevalence of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence with other forms of violence, and studies with insufficient data to allow extrapolation or imputation were excluded. We developed a Bayesian multilevel model to jointly estimate lifetime and past year intimate partner violence by age, year, and country. This framework adjusted for heterogeneous age groups and differences in outcome definition, and weighted surveys depending on whether they were nationally or sub-nationally representative. This study is registered with PROSPERO (number CRD42017054100). Findings The database comprises 366 eligible studies, capturing the responses of 2 million women. Data were obtained from 161 countries and areas, covering 90% of the global population of women and girls (15 years or older). Globally, 27% (uncertainty interval [UI] 23–31%) of ever-partnered women aged 15–49 years are estimated to have experienced physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence in their lifetime, with 13% (10–16%) experiencing it in the past year before they were surveyed. This violence starts early, affecting adolescent girls and young women, with 24% (UI 21–28%) of women aged 15–19 years and 26% (23–30%) of women aged 19–24 years having already experienced this violence at least once since the age of 15 years. Regional variations exist, with low-income countries reporting higher lifetime and, even more pronouncedly, higher past year prevalence compared with high-income countries. Interpretation These findings show that intimate partner violence against women was already highly prevalent across the globe before the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments are not on track to meet the SDG targets on the elimination of violence against women and girls, despite robust evidence that intimate partner violence can be prevented. There is an urgent need to invest in effective multisectoral interventions, strengthen the public health response to intimate partner violence, and ensure it is addressed in post-COVID-19 reconstruction efforts. Funding UK Department for International Development through the UN Women–WHO Joint Programme on Strengthening Violence against Women Data, and UNDP-UN Population Fund-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, a cosponsored programme executed by WHO.
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            Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women in sub-Saharan Africa: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 HIV prevention studies

            Background Estimates of sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence are essential for efforts to prevent and control STIs. Few large STI prevalence studies exist, especially for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Our primary objective was to estimate the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women in sub-Saharan Africa by age, region, and population type. Methods and findings We analyzed individual-level data from 18 HIV prevention studies (cohort studies and randomized controlled trials; conducted during 1993–2011), representing >37,000 women, that tested participants for ≥1 selected STIs or BV at baseline. We used a 2-stage meta-analysis to combine data. After calculating the proportion of participants with each infection and standard error by study, we used a random-effects model to obtain a summary mean prevalence of each infection and 95% confidence interval (CI) across ages, regions, and population types. Despite substantial study heterogeneity for some STIs/populations, several patterns emerged. Across the three primary region/population groups (South Africa community-based, Southern/Eastern Africa community-based, and Eastern Africa higher-risk), prevalence was higher among 15–24-year-old than 25–49-year-old women for all STIs except HSV-2. In general, higher-risk populations had greater prevalence of gonorrhea and syphilis than clinic/community-based populations. For chlamydia, prevalence among 15–24-year-olds was 10.3% (95% CI: 7.4%, 14.1%; I 2 = 75.7%) among women specifically recruited from higher-risk settings for HIV in Eastern Africa and was 15.1% (95% CI: 12.7%, 17.8%; I 2 = 82.3%) in South African clinic/community-based populations. Among clinic/community-based populations, prevalence was generally greater in South Africa than in Southern/Eastern Africa for most STIs; for gonorrhea, prevalence among 15–24-year-olds was 4.6% (95% CI: 3.3%, 6.4%; I 2 = 82.8%) in South Africa and was 1.7% (95% CI: 1.2%, 2.6%; I 2 = 55.2%) in Southern/Eastern Africa. Across the three primary region/population groups, HSV-2 and BV prevalence was high among 25–49-year-olds (ranging from 70% to 83% and 33% to 44%, respectively). The main study limitation is that the data are not from random samples of the target populations. Conclusions Combining data from 18 HIV prevention studies, our findings highlight important features of STI/BV epidemiology among sub-Saharan African women. This methodology can be used where routine STI surveillance is limited and offers a new approach to obtaining critical information on STI and BV prevalence in LMICs.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sex Reprod Health Matters
                Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters
                Taylor & Francis
                2641-0397
                11 August 2023
                2023
                11 August 2023
                : 31
                : 1
                : 2220188
                Affiliations
                [a ]Associate Lecturer, School of Public Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
                [b ]Assistant Professor, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe; Assistant Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK
                [c ]Study Coordinator, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [d ]Youth Researcher, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [e ]Youth Researcher, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [f ]Youth Researcher, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [g ]Youth Researcher, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [h ]Associate Professor. THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe; Associate Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK
                [i ]Assistant Professor. THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [j ]Research Intern, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [k ]STI Coordinator, Ministry of Health and Child Care , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [l ]Data manager, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe
                [m ]Associate Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK
                [n ]Professor, THRU Zim , Harare, Zimbabwe; Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK
                [o ]Associate Professor, School of Public Health , University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia; Associate Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, UK.
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-6916
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-3603
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-2512
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4897-458X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9725-7931
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-0203
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-2040
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-8345
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-4813
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7660-9176
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-8408
                Article
                2220188
                10.1080/26410397.2023.2220188
                10424614
                37565610
                915719bd-9a04-47be-a8ef-6191412f9dd0
                © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 16
                Categories
                Research Article
                Research Article

                sexually transmitted infections,partner notification,patient-referral,young people,social harms,risk landscape,risk hierarchies

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