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      Dynamics of Population Immunity Due to the Herd Effect in the COVID-19 Pandemic

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          Abstract

          The novel Coronavirus 2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-Cov-2) has led to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has surprised health authorities around the world, quickly producing a global health crisis. Different actions to cope with this situation are being developed, including confinement, different treatments to improve symptoms, and the creation of the first vaccines. In epidemiology, herd immunity is presented as an area that could also solve this new global threat. In this review, we present the basis of herd immunology, the dynamics of infection transmission that induces specific immunity, and how the application of immunoepidemiology and herd immunology could be used to control the actual COVID-19 pandemic, along with a discussion of its effectiveness, limitations, and applications.

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          Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

          Nanshan Chen, Min Zhou, Xuan Dong … (2022)
          Summary Background In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Methods In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. Findings Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. Funding National Key R&D Program of China.
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            Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

            Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)
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              Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial

              Philippe Gautret, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Philippe Parola … (2020)
              Background Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads. Patients and methods French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point. Results Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms. Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination. Conclusion Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vaccines (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vaccines (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): vaccines
                Title: Vaccines
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-393X
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 236
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; josefrancisco.tornero@ 123456universidadeuropea.es
                [2 ]Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
                [3 ]Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo 45007, Spain; ajhh1983@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Departamento de Didáctica de la Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño 26006, Spain; manuel.jimenez@ 123456unir.net
                [5 ]Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia; jbenitez@ 123456cuc.edu.co
                [6 ]Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; enavarro27@ 123456unisimonbolivar.edu.co (E.N.-J.); rmaestre5@ 123456unisimonbolivar.edu.co (R.M.-S.)
                [7 ]Nonaffiliated Independent Researcher, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; nataliaperezpalencia@ 123456gmail.com
                [8 ]Vicerrectoría De Investigación e Innovación, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080005, Colombia; cacelaca6@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vctxente@ 123456yahoo.es ; Fax: +0034-911-413-585
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2397-2801
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7858-661X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5877-3482
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1995-1300
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-662X
                Article
                Publisher ID: vaccines-08-00236
                DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020236
                PMC ID: 7349986
                PubMed ID: 32438622
                SO-VID: 9068144a-a718-498a-9014-aa46e1f6b544
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 23 April 2020
                Date accepted : 15 May 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: sars-cov-2,covid-19,herd immunology,vaccines,pandemic,epidemiology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sars-cov-2, covid-19, herd immunology, vaccines, pandemic, epidemiology

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