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      Structural Analysis of the Health Literacy Facet Access to Information on General Health, COVID-19 Infection Prevention, and Early Childhood Allergy Prevention in Pregnant Women and Mothers of Infants : Psychometric Characteristics of the Access Items in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47)

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          Abstract

          Abstract. The health literacy (HL) facet Access to health information is measured in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47) by 12 items. To assess Access, we developed adapted item formulations for COVID-19 infection prevention (COVID-19-IP) and early childhood allergy prevention (ECAP) in addition to the original 12 items on General Health (GH). N = 343 (expectant) mothers of infants answered the items in an online assessment. Confirmatory structural analyses for ordinal data were adopted (WLSMV-algorithm). Women’s item ratings varied significantly across domains (η 2 = .017 – .552). Bi-factor models exhibited the best data fit (GH / COVID-19-IP / ECAP: CFI = .964 / .968 / .977; SRMR: .062 / .069 / .035): The general factor Access most strongly determined item information. Additionally, three subfactors contributed significantly (but rather weakly) to the item information in each domain. The overall score Access proved to be internally consistent (McDonald’s ω GH/COVID-19-IP/ECAP = .874 / .883 / .897) and was associated with socioeconomic state (McArthur scale; r GH/COVID-19-IP/ECAP = .218 / .210 / .146). Access correlated not or only weakly with the other HL facets Understand, Appraise, and Apply. The health domains GH, COVID-19-IP, and ECAP moderated both the difficulty and the dimensional structure of the 12 Access items. This suggests that in the HLS-EU Access reflects not only the search competence but also the availability of health information.

          Strukturanalyse der Gesundheitskompetenzfacette „Zugang zu Informationen“ zu allgemeiner Gesundheit, COVID-19-Infektionsprävention und frühkindliche Allergieprävention bei schwangeren Frauen und Müttern von Kleinkindern: Psychometrische Eigenschaften der Items zum „Zugang zu Information“ im European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47)

          Zusammenfassung. Die Gesundheitskompetenz- (GK) Facette Zugang zu Gesundheitsinformationen wird durch 12 Items im European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47) gemessen. Zusätzlich zu den Originalitems zur allgemeinen Gesundheit (AG) wurden Itemformulierungen zur COVID-19-Infektionsprävention (COVID-19-IP) und frühkindlichen Allergieprävention (FKAP) adaptiert. N = 343 (werdende) Mütter von Kleinkindern beantworteten die Items in einem Online-Assessment. Mittels des WLSMV-Algorithmus wurden konfirmatorische Strukturanalysen durchgeführt. Die Itemmittelwerte variierten deutlich zwischen AG, COVID-19-IP und FKAP (η 2 = .017 – .552). Bifaktor-Modelle wiesen die beste Datenanpassung auf (AG / COVID-19-IP / FKAP: CFI = .964 / .968 / .977; SRMR: .062 / .069 / .035). Der Generalfaktor Zugang determiniert die Iteminformationen am stärksten. Für GH und COVID-19-IP erwiesen sich die drei Subfaktoren Gesundheitsversorgung, individuelle Prävention und öffentliche Dienstleistungen als valide; für FKAP Akutversorgung, Unterstützungsleistungen zur Prävention und Präventionsmaßnahmen. Die Unterschiede zwischen GH, COVID-19-IP und FKAP deuten darauf hin, dass die Angaben zum Zugang zu Informationen im HLS-EU nicht nur die Suchkompetenz der (werdenden) Mütter widerspiegeln, sondern auch die Verfügbarkeit bzw. Auffindbarkeit der Gesundheitsinformationen.

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          Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models

          Background Health literacy concerns the knowledge and competences of persons to meet the complex demands of health in modern society. Although its importance is increasingly recognised, there is no consensus about the definition of health literacy or about its conceptual dimensions, which limits the possibilities for measurement and comparison. The aim of the study is to review definitions and models on health literacy to develop an integrated definition and conceptual model capturing the most comprehensive evidence-based dimensions of health literacy. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to identify definitions and conceptual frameworks of health literacy. A content analysis of the definitions and conceptual frameworks was carried out to identify the central dimensions of health literacy and develop an integrated model. Results The review resulted in 17 definitions of health literacy and 12 conceptual models. Based on the content analysis, an integrative conceptual model was developed containing 12 dimensions referring to the knowledge, motivation and competencies of accessing, understanding, appraising and applying health-related information within the healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion setting, respectively. Conclusions Based upon this review, a model is proposed integrating medical and public health views of health literacy. The model can serve as a basis for developing health literacy enhancing interventions and provide a conceptual basis for the development and validation of measurement tools, capturing the different dimensions of health literacy within the healthcare, disease prevention and health promotion settings.
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            Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares.

            In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the use of maximum likelihood (ML) assumes that the observed indicators follow a continuous and multivariate normal distribution, which is not appropriate for ordinal observed variables. Robust ML (MLR) has been introduced into CFA models when this normality assumption is slightly or moderately violated. Diagonally weighted least squares (WLSMV), on the other hand, is specifically designed for ordinal data. Although WLSMV makes no distributional assumptions about the observed variables, a normal latent distribution underlying each observed categorical variable is instead assumed. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to compare the effects of different configurations of latent response distributions, numbers of categories, and sample sizes on model parameter estimates, standard errors, and chi-square test statistics in a correlated two-factor model. The results showed that WLSMV was less biased and more accurate than MLR in estimating the factor loadings across nearly every condition. However, WLSMV yielded moderate overestimation of the interfactor correlations when the sample size was small or/and when the latent distributions were moderately nonnormal. With respect to standard error estimates of the factor loadings and the interfactor correlations, MLR outperformed WLSMV when the latent distributions were nonnormal with a small sample size of N = 200. Finally, the proposed model tended to be over-rejected by chi-square test statistics under both MLR and WLSMV in the condition of small sample size N = 200.
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              Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU)

              Background: Health literacy concerns the capacities of people to meet the complex demands of health in modern society. In spite of the growing attention for the concept among European health policymakers, researchers and practitioners, information about the status of health literacy in Europe remains scarce. This article presents selected findings from the first European comparative survey on health literacy in populations. Methods: The European health literacy survey (HLS-EU) was conducted in eight countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain (n = 1000 per country, n = 8000 total sample). Data collection was based on Eurobarometer standards and the implementation of the HLS-EU-Q (questionnaire) in computer-assisted or paper-assisted personal interviews. Results: The HLS-EU-Q constructed four levels of health literacy: insufficient, problematic, sufficient and excellent. At least 1 in 10 (12%) respondents showed insufficient health literacy and almost 1 in 2 (47%) had limited (insufficient or problematic) health literacy. However, the distribution of levels differed substantially across countries (29–62%). Subgroups within the population, defined by financial deprivation, low social status, low education or old age, had higher proportions of people with limited health literacy, suggesting the presence of a social gradient which was also confirmed by raw bivariate correlations and a multivariate linear regression model. Discussion: Limited health literacy represents an important challenge for health policies and practices across Europe, but to a different degree for different countries. The social gradient in health literacy must be taken into account when developing public health strategies to improve health equity in Europe.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                dia
                Diagnostica
                Hogrefe Verlag, Göttingen
                0012-1924
                2190-622X
                October 2022
                : 68
                : 4 , Themenheft: Gesundheitskompetenz
                : 219-230
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Research Methods in Health Sciences, Faculty for Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Education Freiburg, Germany
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. Markus Antonius Wirtz, Faculty for Mathematics,, Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Education Freiburg, Kunzenweg 21, 79117 Freiburg, Germany, markus.wirtz@ 123456ph-freiburg.de
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-0484
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5593-2954
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2446-9626
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-5689
                Article
                dia_68_4_219
                10.1026/0012-1924/a000295
                8fd9641f-9c7a-477a-b54e-00deb36b8aa8
                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

                Distributed as a Hogrefe OpenMind article under the license CC BY 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

                History
                Funding
                Funding: The study was conducted within the project “Structural Modelling and Assessment of Health Literacy in Allergy Prevention of New Parents” funded by the German Research Foundation ( Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG ; G. Z.: WI-3210/7 – 1). This project is part of the DFG Research Group “Health Literacy in Early Childhood Allergy Prevention: Parental Competencies and Public Health Context in a Shifting Evidence Landscape” [FOR 2959; G. Z.: AP 235/3 – 1]. Open Access publication enabled by University of Education Freiburg.
                Categories
                Original Article

                Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                COVID-19,access to health information,European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47),health literacy,early childhood allergy prevention,Zugang zu Gesundheitsinformationen,European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU),Elterliche Gesundheitskompetenz,Frühkindliche Allergieprävention

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