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      Relationship between social indicators and food insecurity: a systematic review Translated title: Relação entre indicadores sociais e insegurança alimentar: uma revisão sistemática

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT: Introduction: The relationships between the social indicators (SIs) that determine food insecurity (FI) have not been described yet. This systematic review aims to identify which SIs are associated with FI in Brazilian households and how these relationships are explained. Methods: The research protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO - CRD42018106527). Three independent researchers performed the search in the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and National Library of Medicine (PubMed) databases (June/2018). The study included articles that used the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA) to assess FI and that evaluated the association between SIs and FI. Results: We included 18 articles in this review. The Kappa concordance index between the researchers was 0.72 (95%CI 0.42 - 1.00). Most articles were cross-sectional and used multivariate regression for the statistical analysis. At least one income-related SI had a significant association with FI, and, in most studies, they presented the highest values of association measures. We organized the authors’ explanation about the relationships between SIs and FI in a conceptual model. The study identified three possible justifications for the association between SIs and FI: direct relationship, relationship mediated by income, or relationship mediated by another SI and income. Conclusion: Income assumed a central role in the mediation between several SIs and FI. However, the analysis methods of the studies did not allow us to investigate this mediation. Therefore, improving data analysis to isolate and understand the effect of SIs on FI is still necessary.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO: Introdução: As relações existentes entre os indicadores sociais (IS) que determinam a insegurança alimentar (IA) ainda não foram descritas. Esta revisão sistemática se propõe a identificar os IS que se associam com a IA em domicílios brasileiros e como essa relação é explicada. Metodologia: O protocolo de pesquisa foi registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42018106527). A busca dos artigos foi realizada por três pesquisadoras independentes nas bases Lilacs e PubMed (junho/2018). O estudo incluiu artigos que utilizaram a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para avaliar a IA e que analisaram a associação entre IS e IA. Resultados: 18 artigos foram incluídos nessa revisão. O índice de concordância Kappa entre as pesquisadoras foi de 0,72 (IC95% 0,42 - 1,00). A maioria dos artigos foram do tipo transversais e utilizaram regressão multivariada para análise de dados. Pelo menos um IS relacionado à renda teve associação significativa com a IA e, na maioria dos estudos, eles foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores das medidas de associação. A justificativa dos autores sobre as relações entre IS e IA foram organizadas em um modelo conceitual. O estudo identificou 3 possibilidades de explicar a associação entre IS e IA: relação direta, relação mediada pela renda, ou por outro IS e renda. Conclusão: A renda assumiu um papel central na mediação de diversos IS com IA. Entretanto, os métodos de análise dos estudos não possibilitaram lidar com essa mediação, portanto aprimoramentos nas análises de dados são necessários para isolar e compreender o efeito dos IS na IA.

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          An adapted version of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Insecurity module is a valid tool for assessing household food insecurity in Campinas, Brazil.

          Until recently, Brazil did not have a national instrument with which to assess household food insecurity (FI). The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to describe the process of adaptation and validation of the 15-item USDA FI module, and 2) to assess its validity in the city of Campinas. The USDA scale was translated into Portuguese and subsequently tested for content and face validity through content expert and focus groups made up of community members. This was followed by a quantitative validation based on a convenience (n = 125) and a representative (n = 847) sample. Key adaptations involved replacing the term "balanced meal" with "healthy and varied diet," to construct items as questions rather than statements, and to ensure that respondents understood that information would not be used to determine program eligibility. Chronbach's alpha was 0.91 and the scale item response curves were parallel across the 4 household income strata. FI severity level was strongly associated in a dose-response manner (P < 0.001) with income strata and the probability of daily intake of fruits, vegetables, meat/fish, and dairy. These findings were replicated in the 2 independent survey samples. Results indicate that the adapted version of the USDA food insecurity module is valid for the population of Campinas. This validation methodology has now been replicated in urban and/or rural areas of 4 additional states with similar results. Thus, Brazil now has a household food insecurity instrument that can be used to set national goals, to follow progress, and to evaluate its national hunger and poverty eradication programs.
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            Refinement of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale: Recommendation for a 14-item EBIA

            OBJECTIVE: To review and refine Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale structure. METHODS: The study analyzed the impact of removing the item "adult lost weight" and one of two possibly redundant items on Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior using the one-parameter logistic (Rasch) model. Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale psychometric behavior was analyzed with respect to acceptable adjustment values ranging from 0.7 to 1.3, and to severity scores of the items with theoretically expected gradients. The socioeconomic and food security indicators came from the 2004 National Household Sample Survey, which obtained complete answers to Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale items from 112,665 households. RESULTS: Removing the items "adult reduced amount..." followed by "adult ate less..." did not change the infit of the remaining items, except for "adult lost weight", whose infit increased from 1.21 to 1.56. The internal consistency and item severity scores did not change when "adult ate less" and one of the two redundant items were removed. CONCLUSION: Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale reanalysis reduced the number of scale items from 16 to 14 without changing its internal validity. Its use as a nationwide household food security measure is strongly recommended.
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              Insegurança alimentar como indicador de iniqüidade: análise de inquérito populacional

              O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a associação da insegurança alimentar com algumas variáveis indicativas de desigualdades sociais, como renda, escolaridade, raça/cor, composição familiar, características da moradia e condições de saneamento. Para medida de segurança alimentar, aplicou-se o instrumento EBIA (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar) a uma amostra de 456 famílias residentes em área urbana do Município de Campinas. Verificou-se que a insegurança alimentar concentrou-se em famílias com maior número de membros menores de 18 anos, vivendo em construções precárias e com alta aglomeração de moradores, sem rede de esgoto, de baixa renda (menos de dois salários mínimos), cujo responsável não freqüentou a escola, sem membros com nível universitário e nas quais os informantes referiram ter cor da pele preta. Considera-se que a medida direta de segurança alimentar por meio da EBIA seja um importante indicador para monitoramento da iniqüidade, podendo complementar um conjunto de indicadores sociais ou, mesmo de forma isolada, identificar grupos com vulnerabilidade social.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                2020
                : 23
                : e200068
                Affiliations
                [2] Cuité Paraíba orgnameUniversidade Federal de Campina Grande Brazil
                [1] Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                Article
                S1415-790X2020000100458 S1415-790X(20)02300000458
                10.1590/1980-549720200068
                32638851
                8eed0f78-0137-4a02-87f1-d82acbcdc9a0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 September 2019
                : 05 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)

                Food and nutrition security,Revisão,Indicadores sociais,Food supply,Abastecimento de alimentos,Social indicators,Review,Segurança alimentar e nutricional

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