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      ENT symptoms in acute COVID-19: a narrative review Translated title: Sintomi ORL durante la fase acuta della COVID-19: una revisione narrativa

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          SUMMARY

          Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterised by a wide spectrum of disease severity ranging from asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic cases to severe and life-threatening forms. As this new coronavirus is a respiratory virus, it is not surprising that many symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are related to the involvement of the upper respiratory tract. In addition the most pathognomonic of symptoms, i.e. the alteration of smell, nasal obstruction, sore throat and cough have been consistently described as early symptoms of the disease. However, for other ENT symptoms, such as oral lesions and audio-vestibular changes, a causal relation is far from proven. The rapid and extensive spread of COVID-19 makes it difficult to demonstrate a causative link between several ENT symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 infection and it is reasonable to assume that at least in some cases this link is actually coincidental in some cases. Moreover, following the phenomenon of the race to publish, there has been an uncontrolled release of poor-quality articles showing the most disparate associations mainly based on a temporal association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms of various types including those of the ENT area. In this narrative review of the literature, we will critically describe the ENT symptoms of COVID-19.

          RIASSUNTO

          La malattia da coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) causata dal coronavirus 2 della sindrome respiratoria acuta grave (SARS-CoV-2) può essere caratterizzata da un ampio spettro di gravità che va da casi asintomatici o pauci-sintomatici a forme gravi e letali. Poiché il nuovo coronavirus è un virus respiratorio, non sorprende che molti sintomi causati dall’infezione da SARS-CoV-2 siano legati al coinvolgimento delle prime vie respiratorie. Oltre al più patognomonico dei sintomi, ovvero l’alterazione del senso dell’olfatto, ostruzione nasale, mal di gola e tosse sono stati costantemente descritti come primi sintomi della malattia. Tuttavia, per altri sintomi ORL, come lesioni del cavo orale e alterazioni audio-vestibolari, una relazione causale è tutt’altro che dimostrata. L’estrema diffusione della COVID-19 rende spesso difficile dimostrare un nesso causale tra diversi sintomi ORL e l’infezione da SARS-CoV-2 ed è ragionevole presumere che almeno in alcuni casi questo legame sia effettivamente casuale. Inoltre, a seguito di un fenomeno di vera e propria corsa alla pubblicazione, c’è stato un rilascio incontrollato di articoli di scarsa qualità che mostravano le associazioni più disparate basate principalmente su un’associazione temporale tra infezione da SARS-CoV-2 e sintomi di vario tipo, compresi quelli dell’area ORL. In questa revisione narrativa della letteratura descriveremo in modo critico i sintomi ORL della COVID-19.

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          Most cited references53

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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            An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study

            Summary Background The Bergamo province, which is extensively affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic, is a natural observatory of virus manifestations in the general population. In the past month we recorded an outbreak of Kawasaki disease; we aimed to evaluate incidence and features of patients with Kawasaki-like disease diagnosed during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Methods All patients diagnosed with a Kawasaki-like disease at our centre in the past 5 years were divided according to symptomatic presentation before (group 1) or after (group 2) the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Kawasaki- like presentations were managed as Kawasaki disease according to the American Heart Association indications. Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS) was defined by presence of circulatory dysfunction, and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) by the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation criteria. Current or previous infection was sought by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, and by serological qualitative test detecting SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG, respectively. Findings Group 1 comprised 19 patients (seven boys, 12 girls; aged 3·0 years [SD 2·5]) diagnosed between Jan 1, 2015, and Feb 17, 2020. Group 2 included ten patients (seven boys, three girls; aged 7·5 years [SD 3·5]) diagnosed between Feb 18 and April 20, 2020; eight of ten were positive for IgG or IgM, or both. The two groups differed in disease incidence (group 1 vs group 2, 0·3 vs ten per month), mean age (3·0 vs 7·5 years), cardiac involvement (two of 19 vs six of ten), KDSS (zero of 19 vs five of ten), MAS (zero of 19 vs five of ten), and need for adjunctive steroid treatment (three of 19 vs eight of ten; all p<0·01). Interpretation In the past month we found a 30-fold increased incidence of Kawasaki-like disease. Children diagnosed after the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic began showed evidence of immune response to the virus, were older, had a higher rate of cardiac involvement, and features of MAS. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was associated with high incidence of a severe form of Kawasaki disease. A similar outbreak of Kawasaki-like disease is expected in countries involved in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Funding None.
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              Alterations in Smell or Taste in Mildly Symptomatic Outpatients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection

              This study reports on the prevalence, intensity, and timing of an altered sense of smell or taste in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                AOI
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore Srl
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                26 April 2022
                April 2022
                : 42
                : Suppl 1
                : S14-S19
                Affiliations
                Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste , Trieste, Italy
                Author notes
                Correspondence Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo University of Trieste, strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy Tel. + 39 040 394450 E-mail: paolo.boscolorizzo@ 123456units.it
                Article
                10.14639/0392-100X-suppl.1-42-2022-02
                9137377
                8c9fa44b-bb12-44d7-a2f5-d4ebbec6bfeb
                Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the CC-BY-NC-ND (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International) license. The article can be used by giving appropriate credit and mentioning the license, but only for non-commercial purposes and only in the original version. For further information: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en

                History
                : 19 January 2022
                : 02 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article

                Otolaryngology
                coronavirus,covid-19,ear nose throat,manifestation,otolaryngologic,sars-cov-2,symptoms,orecchio naso gola,manifestazioni,otorinolaringoiatrico,sintomi

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