Isabel Bergeri:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-1753
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole:
ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Mairead G. Whelan:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-9304
Role: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – original draftRole:
Writing – review & editing
Harriet Ware:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3869-3060
Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original
draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Lorenzo Subissi:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5147-575X
Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original
draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Anthony Nardone:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-0937
Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original
draftRole: Writing – review & editing
Hannah C. Lewis:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-3943
Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole:
Writing – review & editing
Zihan Li:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-977X
Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
Xiaomeng Ma:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-3062
Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
Marta Valenciano: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
Brianna Cheng:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-2251
Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
Lubna Al Ariqi:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3343-6359
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Arash Rashidian:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4005-5183
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Joseph Okeibunor: Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Tasnim Azim:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4127-5871
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Pushpa Wijesinghe: Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Linh-Vi Le:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-7589
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Aisling Vaughan:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5966-2303
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Richard Pebody: Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Andrea Vicari:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-2517
Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Tingting Yan:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-8710
Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole:
Writing – review & editing
Mercedes Yanes-Lane: Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
Christian Cao:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-0381
Role: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
David A. Clifton: Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Matthew P. Cheng:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-2063
Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Jesse Papenburg:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4232-871X
Role: Formal analysisRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
David Buckeridge: Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Niklas Bobrovitz:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-4484
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Rahul K. Arora:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-6338
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole:
Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing
– review & editing
Maria D. Van Kerkhove: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole:
SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
Amitabh Bipin Suthar: Role: Academic Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Med
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Med
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLOS Medicine
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Print):
1549-1277
ISSN
(Electronic):
1549-1676
Publication date
(Electronic):
10
November
2022
Publication date Collection:
November
2022
Volume: 19
Issue: 11
Electronic Location Identifier: e1004107
Affiliations
[1
]
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
[2
]
Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
[3
]
Epiconcept, Paris, France
[4
]
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
[5
]
Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
[6
]
Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
[7
]
School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
[8
]
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
[9
]
World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
[10
]
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
[11
]
World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
[12
]
World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas (Pan American Health Organization),
Washington DC, United States of America
[13
]
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
[14
]
COVID-19 Immunity Task Force Secretariat, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
[15
]
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
[16
]
Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health
Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
[17
]
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
[18
]
Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
PLOS Medicine Editorial Board, UNITED STATES
Author notes
I have read the journal policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following
competing interests: RKA, MW, HW, ZL, XM, CC, MYL, DB, JP, MPC, ML, MS, GRD, NI, CZ,
SP, HPR, TY, KCN, DK, SAA, ND, CD, NAD, EL, RKI, ASB, ELB, AS, JC and NB report grants
from Canada’s COVID-19 Immunity Task Force through the Public Health Agency of Canada,
and the Canadian Medical Association Joule Innovation Fund. RKA, MW, HW, ZL, CC, MYL,
NB also report grants from the World Health Organisation and the Robert Koch Institute.
RKA reports personal fees from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation Strategic Investment Fund, as well as equity in Alethea Medical
(Outside the submitted work). MPC reports grants from McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative
in Infection and Immunity and Canadian Institute of Health Research, and personal
fees from GEn1E Lifesciences (Outside the submitted work), nplex biosciences (Outside
the submitted work), Kanvas biosciences (Outside the submitted work). JP reports grants
from MedImmune (Outside the submitted work) and Sanofi-Pasteur (Outside the submitted
work), grants and personal fees from Merck (Outside the submitted work) and AbbVie
(Outside the submitted work), and personal fees from AstraZeneca (Outside the submitted
work). DB reports grants from the World Health Organization, Canadian Institutes of
Health Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (Outside the submitted
work), Institute national d excellence en sante et service sociaux (Outside the submitted
work), and personal fees from McGill University Health Centre (Outside the submitted
work) and Public Health Agency of Canada (Outside the submitted work). CC reports
funding from Sanofi Pasteur (Outside of the submitted work). TY reports working for
Health Canada as a part-time Senior Policy Analyst with the COVID-19 Testing and Screening
Expert Panel, from Nov 2020-Jun 2021 (Outside of the submitted work). TH reports funding
recieved from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for Columbia
University (Outside of the submitted work). Author HCL declares receiving funding
as a WHO consultant from WHO Solidarity Response Fund and the German Federal Ministry
of Health COVID-19 Research and Development.
‡ IB, MW, HW, and LS share first authorship on this work. NB, RKA, and MDVK are joint
senior authors on this work.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PMEDICINE-D-22-00442
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004107
PMC ID: 9648705
PubMed ID: 36355774
SO-VID: 8c85ad22-49c3-4858-bfe0-c4ec88552c07
Copyright © © 2022 Bergeri et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
Funded by:
WHO COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-1753
Isabel Bergeri
Funded by:
German Federal Ministry of Health COVID-19 Research and Development Fund
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-1753
Isabel Bergeri
Funded by:
World Health Organisation
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-6338
Rahul K. Arora
Funded by:
Canada’s COVID-19 Immunity Task Force through the Public Health Agency of Canada
Award ID: 2021-HQ-000056
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-6338
Rahul K. Arora
Funded by:
Canadian Medical Association Joule Innovation Fund
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-6338
Rahul K. Arora
Funded by:
Robert Koch Institute
Award Recipient
:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-6338
Rahul K. Arora
This work was supported by WHO (WHO COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund, to IB.
https://covid19responsefund.org/en/; German Federal Ministry of Health COVID-19 Research and Development Fund, to IB;
World Health Organisation funding, to RKA), the Public Health Agency of Canada (Canada’s
COVID-19 Immunity Task Force through the Public Health Agency of Canada, to RKA, grant
number 2021-HQ-000056
https://www.covid19immunitytaskforce.ca/), the Canadian Medical Association (Joule Innovation Fund, to RKA
https://joulecma.ca/), and the Robert Koch Institute (funding to RKA
https://www.rki.de). IB, LS, AnV, LA, AR, JO, TA, PW, LL, AiV, RP, MVK are employed and receive salaries
from WHO (one of the funders of this study), and AN, MV, BC and HCL are WHO consultants.
Authors who are members of the SeroTracker Group (led by RKA, including MW, HW, ZL,
XM, TY, CC, MYL, JP, MPC, DB, ML, MS, GRD, NI, CZ, SP, HPR, TY, KCN, DK, SAA, ND,
CD, NAD, EL, RKI, ASB, ELB, AS, JC) were supported through the aforementioned grants
from WHO, Canada’s COVID-19 Immunity Task Force through the Public Health Agency of
Canada, the Robert Koch Institute, and the Canadian Medical Association Joule Innovation
Fund. WHO had a role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation,
and the writing of the report. No other funders had any such role.
Subject:
Research Article
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
RNA viruses
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Microbiology
Subject:
Medical microbiology
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Medicine and health sciences
Subject:
Pathology and laboratory medicine
Subject:
Pathogens
Subject:
Microbial pathogens
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Biology and life sciences
Subject:
Organisms
Subject:
Viruses
Subject:
Viral pathogens
Subject:
Coronaviruses
Subject:
SARS coronavirus
Subject:
SARS CoV 2
Subject:
Research and Analysis Methods
Subject:
Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
Subject:
Statistical Methods
Subject:
Metaanalysis
Subject:
Physical Sciences
Subject:
Mathematics
Subject:
Statistics
Subject:
Statistical Methods
Subject:
Metaanalysis
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Viral Diseases
Subject:
Covid 19
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Infectious Diseases
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Medical Conditions
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Pulmonology
Subject:
Respiratory Disorders
Subject:
Respiratory Infections
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Epidemiology
Subject:
Medical Risk Factors
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Diagnostic Medicine
Subject:
Virus Testing
Subject:
Biology and Life Sciences
Subject:
Immunology
Subject:
Vaccination and Immunization
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Immunology
Subject:
Vaccination and Immunization
Subject:
Medicine and Health Sciences
Subject:
Public and Occupational Health
Subject:
Preventive Medicine
Subject:
Vaccination and Immunization
Subject:
Social Sciences
Subject:
Economics
Subject:
Economic Geography
Subject:
Low and Middle Income Countries
Subject:
Earth Sciences
Subject:
Geography
Subject:
Economic Geography
Subject:
Low and Middle Income Countries