Cancer and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations.

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Abstract

This article provides an overview of the current literature on seven cancer sites that may disproportionately affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations. For each cancer site, the authors present and discuss the descriptive statistics, primary prevention, secondary prevention and preclinical disease, tertiary prevention and late-stage disease, and clinical implications. Finally, an overview of psychosocial factors related to cancer survivorship is offered as well as strategies for improving access to care.

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Most cited references 112

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Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors.

Fatima Haggar, Robin P Boushey (2009)

In this article, the incidence, mortality, and survival rates for colorectal cancer are reviewed, with attention paid to regional variations and changes over time. A concise overview of known risk factors associated with colorectal cancer is provided, including familial and hereditary factors, as well as environmental lifestyle-related risk factors such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

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Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Anthony J Alberg, Malcolm Brock, Jean Ford … (2013)

Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.

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Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

Virginia A Moyer (2012)

Update of the 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for cervical cancer. The USPSTF reviewed new evidence on the comparative test performance of liquid-based cytology and the benefits and harms of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing as a stand-alone test or in combination with cytology. In addition to the systematic evidence review, the USPSTF commissioned a decision analysis to help clarify the age at which to begin and end screening, the optimal interval for screening, and the relative benefits and harms of different strategies for screening (such as cytology and co-testing). This recommendation statement applies to women who have a cervix, regardless of sexual history. This recommendation statement does not apply to women who have received a diagnosis of a high-grade precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer, women with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, or women who are immunocompromised (such as those who are HIV positive).The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer in women aged 21 to 65 years with cytology (Papanicolaou smear) every 3 years or, for women aged 30 to 65 years who want to lengthen the screening interval, screening with a combination of cytology and HPV testing every 5 years. See the Clinical Considerations for discussion of cytology method, HPV testing, and screening interval (A recommendation).The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than age 21 years (D recommendation).The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than age 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer. See the Clinical Considerations for discussion of adequacy of prior screening and risk factors (D recommendation).The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and who do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer (D recommendation).The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer with HPV testing, alone or in combination with cytology, in women younger than age 30 years (D recommendation).

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): CA Cancer J Clin

Title: CA: a cancer journal for clinicians

ISSN (Electronic): 1542-4863

ISSN (Print): 0007-9235

Publication date (Electronic):

Volume: 65

Issue: 5

Affiliations

[1 ] Senior Member, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Division of Population Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Professor, Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

[2 ] Assistant Member, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, and Assistant Professor Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

[3 ] Applied Research Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Division of Population Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Assistant Professor, Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

[4 ] Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, and Senior Fellow, Penn Medicine Program for LGBT Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.

[5 ] Senior Member, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Division of Population Science and Vice President, Diversity and Communication Relations, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL.

[6 ] Senior Member, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Professor, Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

[7 ] Assistant Member, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Assistant Professor, Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.

Article

Mid ID: NIHMS723706

DOI: 10.3322/caac.21288

PubMed ID: 26186412

SO-VID: 8b51391b-a1c4-4dab-93ec-30ccbe7e7df2

History

Keywords: LGBT,cancer,health behavior,health disparities,sexual minorities,survivorship

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Keywords: LGBT, cancer, health behavior, health disparities, sexual minorities, survivorship

Cancer and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) populations.

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Cancer Metabolism

Most cited references 112

Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors.

Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Screening for cervical cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

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