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      Do weather changes influence physical activity level among older adults? – The Generation 100 study

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Understanding how individual and environmental factors impact physical activity (PA) level is important when building strategies to improve PA of older adults. No studies have examined how hour-to-hour weather changes influence PA in older adults or how the association between weather and PA eventually is related to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) measured as peak oxygen uptake. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how hour-to-hour changes in weather effects hour-to-hour PA in a cohort of Norwegian older adults across CRF levels, gender and seasons.

          Methods

          PA was assessed objectively in 1219 older adults (70–77 years, 51% females) using the Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer, and quantified as counts·min -1 (CPM). Weather (Norwegian meteorological Institute) and CRF (MetaMax II) were measured objectively. Panel data analysis added a longitudinal dimension when 110.888 hours of weather- and PA data were analyzed.

          Results

          Older adults had a higher PA level in warmer (597 CPM) than colder months (556 CPM) (p<0.01). Fixed effects regression-models revealed that increasing temperatures (per hour) influenced PA positively in both colder and warmer months (all, p<0.01), with greater influence in fitter vs. less fit participants (p<0.01). In warmer months, increasing precipitation negatively influenced PA in both unfit females and unfit males (p<0.01). In colder months, increasing precipitation positively influenced PA for moderately fit to fit males (p<0.01), but not for females and unfit males.

          Conclusion

          To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between weather conditions and objectively-measured-PA among Norwegian older adults. Our findings demonstrates that unfit older adults will be less likely to participate in PA when the weather is unpleasant, compared to those highly fit. The data suggests that the impact of weather should not be ignored when planning public health strategies for increasing PA among older adults.

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          Most cited references27

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          The effect of season and weather on physical activity: a systematic review.

          P. Tucker, J Gilliland (2007)
          This study reviewed previous studies to explore the effect of season, and consequently weather, on levels of physical activity. Thirty-seven primary studies (published 1980-2006) representing a total of 291883 participants (140482 male and 152085 female) from eight different countries are described, and the effect of season on moderate levels of physical activity is considered. Upon review of the evidence, it appears that levels of physical activity vary with seasonality, and the ensuing effect of poor or extreme weather has been identified as a barrier to participation in physical activity among various populations. Therefore, previous studies that did not recognize the effect of weather and season on physical activity may, in fact, be poor representations of this behaviour. Future physical activity interventions should consider how weather promotes or hinders such behaviour. Providing indoor opportunities during the cold and wet months may foster regular physical activity behaviours year round.
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            Physical activity in U.S.: adults compliance with the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.

            Jared Tucker, Gregory J Welk, Nicholas Beyler (2011)
            To date, no study has objectively measured physical activity levels among U.S. adults according to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (PAGA). The purpose of this study was to assess self-reported and objectively measured physical activity among U.S. adults according to the PAGA. Using data from the NHANES 2005-2006, the PAGA were assessed using three physical activity calculations: moderate plus vigorous physical activity ≥150 minutes/week (MVPA); moderate plus two instances of vigorous physical activity ≥150 minutes/week (M2VPA); and time spent above 3 METs ≥500 MET-minutes/week (METPA). Self-reported physical activity included leisure, transportation, and household activities. Objective activity was measured using Actigraph accelerometers that were worn for 7 consecutive days. Analyses were conducted in 2009-2010. U.S. adults reported 324.5 ± 18.6 minutes/week (M ± SE) of moderate physical activity and 73.6 ± 3.9 minutes/week of vigorous physical activity, although accelerometry estimates were 45.1 ± 4.6 minutes/week of moderate physical activity and 18.6 ± 6.6 minutes/week of vigorous physical activity. The proportion of adults meeting the PAGA according to M2VPA was 62.0% for self-report and 9.6% for accelerometry. According to the NHANES 2005-2006, fewer than 10% of U.S. adults met the PAGA according to accelerometry. However, physical activity estimates vary substantially depending on whether self-reported or measured via accelerometer. Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Physical activity of Canadian adults: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey.

              Rachel Colley, Didier Garriguet, Ian Janssen … (2011)
              Rising obesity rates and declining fitness levels have increased interest in understanding what underlies these trends. This article presents the first directly measured data on physical activity and sedentary behaviour on a nationally representative sample of Canadians aged 20 to 79 years. Data are from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Physical activity was measured using accelerometry. Data are presented as time spent in sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous intensity movement as well as steps accumulated per day. An estimated 15% of Canadian adults accumulate 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week; 5% accumulate 150 minutes per week as at least 30 minutes of MVPA on 5 or more days a week. Men are more active than women and MVPA declines with increasing age and adiposity. Canadian adults are sedentary for approximately 9.5 hours per day (69% of waking hours). Men accumulate an average of 9,500 steps per day and women, 8,400 steps per day. The 10,000-steps-per-day target is achieved by 35% of adults. Before the CHMS, objective measures of physical activity and sedentary behaviour were not available for a representative sample of Canadians. The findings indicate that 85% of adults are not active enough to meet Canada's new physical activity recommendation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 217 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Nils Petter Aspvik:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-1645
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Hallgeir Viken: Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jan Erik Ingebrigtsen: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Project administration
                Nina Zisko: Role: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Ingar Mehus: Role: Writing – review & editing
                Ulrik Wisløff: Role: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Dorthe Stensvold: Role: Data curationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Jeffrey Shaman: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 July 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0199463
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Sociology and Political Science, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
                [2 ] K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
                [3 ] School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
                Columbia University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-1645
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-41691
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199463
                PMC ID: 6034805
                PubMed ID: 29979711
                SO-VID: 8960b7e7-2bc1-488f-8641-4ce604995bfc
                Copyright © © 2018 Aspvik et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 27 November 2017
                Date accepted : 7 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 7, Pages: 13
                Funding
                The Generation 100 study was funded by: The Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); The K.G. Jebsen Foundation; The Research Council of Norway. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Age Groups
                Subject: Elderly
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Public and Occupational Health
                Subject: Physical Activity
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Seasons
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Atmospheric Science
                Subject: Meteorology
                Subject: Weather
                Subject: Engineering and Technology
                Subject: Electronics
                Subject: Accelerometers
                Subject: Physical Sciences
                Subject: Chemistry
                Subject: Chemical Elements
                Subject: Oxygen
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Ethnicities
                Subject: European People
                Subject: Norwegian People
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Parameters
                Subject: Body Weight
                Subject: Body Mass Index
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Due to ethical restrictions involving participant consent, third party data used from the Generation 100 Study in research projects will when reasonably requested by others be made available on request to the Generation 100 steering committee ( generasjon100@ 123456medisin.ntnu.no ) or to head of the department Øystein Risa ( oystein.risa@ 123456ntnu.no ). The authors did not have special access privileges.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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