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      Detection of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in exhaled breath as a potential diagnostic method for oral squamous cell carcinoma

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          Abstract

          Background

          Oral squamous cell carcinoma causes a significant proportion of global cancer morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the exhaled breath test can be a new, non-invasive, and effective method for diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma.

          Methods

          A comparative analysis of exhaled breath between patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy controls (HC) was performed with the Twin Breasor II™, a simple gas chromatography system.

          Results

          Both hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and methyl mercaptan (Ch 3SH) were significantly higher in the OSCC group than in the HC group. The total sulfur concentration was also higher in the OSCC group, but there was no significant difference in the ratio of Ch 3SH to H 2S between the two groups. Using logistic regression, we constructed a new variable with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.740, 68.0% sensitivity, and 72.0% specificity.

          Conclusions

          Exhaled gas analysis via simple gas chromatography can potentially serve as an accessory non-invasive method for OSCC diagnosis.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02301-3.

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          Most cited references22

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

            Jacques Ferlay, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Rajesh Dikshit … (2015)
            Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths). © 2014 UICC.
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              Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer.

              Mark W. Lingen, John R Kalmar, Theodore G Karrison … (2008)
              Historically, the screening of patients for signs of oral cancer and precancerous lesions has relied upon the conventional oral examination. A variety of commercial diagnostic aids and adjunctive techniques are available to potentially assist in the screening of healthy patients for evidence of otherwise occult cancerous change or to assess the biologic potential of clinically abnormal mucosal lesions. This manuscript systematically and critically examines the literature associated with current oral cancer screening and case-finding aids or adjuncts such as toluidine blue, brush cytology, tissue reflectance and autofluorescence. The characteristics of an ideal screening test are outlined and the authors pose several questions for clinicians and scientists to consider in the evaluation of current and future studies of oral cancer detection and diagnosis. Although the increased public awareness of oral cancer made possible by the marketing of recently-introduced screening adjuncts is commendable, the tantalizing implication that such technologies may improve detection of oral cancers and precancers beyond conventional oral examination alone has yet to be rigorously confirmed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 169 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jong-Ho Lee: leejongh@snu.ac.kr
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health
                Title: BMC Oral Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 July 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 July 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 22
                Electronic Location Identifier: 268
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.31501.36, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5905, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, , Seoul National University, ; 101 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul, 03080 Korea
                [2 ]GRID grid.411612.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0470 5112, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, , Inje University, ; Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392 Korea
                [3 ]GRID grid.459982.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0647 7483, Dental Life Science Research Institute/Innovation Research & Support Center for Dental Science, , Seoul National University Dental Hospital, ; Seoul, 03080 Korea
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2301
                DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02301-3
                PMC ID: 9250215
                PubMed ID: 35778718
                SO-VID: 8944a2be-bfdd-4c1f-bd1a-e0b64a7038ee
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 5 December 2021
                Date accepted : 9 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award ID: HI20C2114
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: volatile sulfur compounds,exhaled breath,oral squamous cell carcinoma,halitosis,gas chromatography
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: volatile sulfur compounds, exhaled breath, oral squamous cell carcinoma, halitosis, gas chromatography

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