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      Mass spectrometric analysis for nuclear safeguards

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          Abstract

          An important part of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards system is the “analytical laboratory”, with mass spectrometric techniques, belonging to the most powerful methods for the analysis of nuclear material and environmental samples collected during inspections.

          Abstract

          Mass spectrometry is currently being implemented in a wide spectrum of research and industrial areas, such as materials science, cosmo- and geochemistry, biology and medicine, to name just a few. Research and development in nuclear safeguards is closely related to the general field of “Peace Research”, representing a specific application area for analytical sciences in general and for mass spectrometry in particular. According to Albert Einstein “peace cannot be kept by force. It only can be achieved by understanding”. Understanding implies a realistic estimation of potential challenges and threats, which is based on the ability to obtain timely, reliable and independent information. A particular task of international nuclear material safeguards is reducing threats that are posed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. An important part of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards system is the “analytical laboratory”, with mass spectrometric techniques, such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) belonging to the most powerful methods for the analysis of nuclear material and environmental samples collected during inspections. Each of the currently applied techniques provides definite merits ( e.g. precision, accuracy, time-effectiveness, high sensitivity, spatial resolution, reduced molecular interference, etc.) for a specific safeguards related application. Thus, taking advantage of each technique helps the analyst to gain a larger quantity of safeguards-relevant information. Along with the analysis of element amounts and isotopic compositions of uranium and plutonium in nuclear material the challenging applications of mass spectrometry include isotopic analysis of micro-samples, age determination of nuclear material as well as identification and quantification of elemental and isotopic signatures of inspection samples in general. Analysis of inspection samples implies strict quality control procedures and it demands the production of suitable certified isotopic reference materials which are used as calibration standards or as quality control samples. This manuscript discusses merits and limitations of presently available mass spectrometric instrumentation for such safeguards applications. It will also highlight the need for further improvements in TIMS, ICP-MS and SIMS performance aimed at obtaining more specific and significant isotopic information.

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          The development of multiple collector mass spectrometry for isotope ratio measurements

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            Improved techniques for high accuracy isotope ratio measurements of nuclear materials using thermal ionization mass spectrometry

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              Determination of the age of highly enriched uranium.

              This paper describes the analytical methods (thermal ionization mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and alpha spectrometry) that have been developed for determination of the age of uranium and discusses their advantages and limitations. With regard to potential application of the methods (e.g. Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty), the discussion focuses on highly enriched uranium, because this seems to be of highest strategic relevance. The different analytical methods were tested and validated by use of uranium reference materials of different (235)U isotope abundance and of known ages. The results show that thermal ionization mass spectrometry and alpha spectrometry are both very accurate and precise techniques for this application. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, on the other hand, although less precise, because of the different approach to the analytical problem, is still sufficiently accurate to be used as a rapid screening method.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JASPE2
                Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
                J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
                Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                0267-9477
                1364-5544
                2015
                2015
                : 30
                : 7
                : 1469-1489
                Affiliations
                [1 ]International Atomic Energy Agency
                [2 ]Vienna International Centre
                [3 ]1400 Vienna
                [4 ]Austria
                [5 ]Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
                [6 ]Unit “Standards for Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards”
                [7 ]B-2440 Geel
                [8 ]Belgium
                Article
                10.1039/C4JA00491D
                892fbffb-940c-441f-afef-a69d0d444fc6
                © 2015
                History

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