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      Increased circulating fibronectin, depletion of natural IgM and heightened EBV, HSV-1 reactivation in ME/CFS and long COVID

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      research-article
      1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 14 , 3 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 6 , 1 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 14 , 15 , 6 , 6 , 11 , 1 , 4 , 12 , 13 , 13 , 1
      medRxiv
      Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
      ME/CFS, long COVID, (n)IgM, Fibronectin, EBV, HSV-1, HHV-6, dUTPase

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          Summary

          Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, debilitating, long-term illness without a diagnostic biomarker. ME/CFS patients share overlapping symptoms with long COVID patients, an observation which has strengthened the infectious origin hypothesis of ME/CFS. However, the exact sequence of events leading to disease development is largely unknown for both clinical conditions. Here we show antibody response to herpesvirus dUTPases, particularly to that of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and HSV-1, increased circulating fibronectin (FN1) levels in serum and depletion of natural IgM against fibronectin ((n)IgM-FN1) are common factors for both severe ME/CFS and long COVID. We provide evidence for herpesvirus dUTPases-mediated alterations in host cell cytoskeleton, mitochondrial dysfunction and OXPHOS. Our data show altered active immune complexes, immunoglobulin-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation as well as adaptive IgM production in ME/CFS patients. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into both ME/CFS and long COVID development. Finding of increased circulating FN1 and depletion of (n)IgM-FN1 as a biomarker for the severity of both ME/CFS and long COVID has an immediate implication in diagnostics and development of treatment modalities.

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          Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.

          Fiji is a distribution of the popular open-source software ImageJ focused on biological-image analysis. Fiji uses modern software engineering practices to combine powerful software libraries with a broad range of scripting languages to enable rapid prototyping of image-processing algorithms. Fiji facilitates the transformation of new algorithms into ImageJ plugins that can be shared with end users through an integrated update system. We propose Fiji as a platform for productive collaboration between computer science and biology research communities.
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            MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification.

            Efficient analysis of very large amounts of raw data for peptide identification and protein quantification is a principal challenge in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Here we describe MaxQuant, an integrated suite of algorithms specifically developed for high-resolution, quantitative MS data. Using correlation analysis and graph theory, MaxQuant detects peaks, isotope clusters and stable amino acid isotope-labeled (SILAC) peptide pairs as three-dimensional objects in m/z, elution time and signal intensity space. By integrating multiple mass measurements and correcting for linear and nonlinear mass offsets, we achieve mass accuracy in the p.p.b. range, a sixfold increase over standard techniques. We increase the proportion of identified fragmentation spectra to 73% for SILAC peptide pairs via unambiguous assignment of isotope and missed-cleavage state and individual mass precision. MaxQuant automatically quantifies several hundred thousand peptides per SILAC-proteome experiment and allows statistically robust identification and quantification of >4,000 proteins in mammalian cell lysates.
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              Sex differences in immune responses

              Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex differences are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and before reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Furthermore, early environmental exposures influence the microbiome and have sex-dependent effects on immune function. Importantly, these sex-based immunological differences contribute to variations in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies, susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females. Here, we discuss these differences and emphasize that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in immunological studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                medRxiv
                MEDRXIV
                medRxiv
                Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
                29 June 2023
                : 2023.06.23.23291827
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
                [2 ]Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
                [3 ]Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Translational Bioimaging, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany
                [4 ]Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
                [5 ]Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
                [6 ]Department of Clinical Research & Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
                [7 ]Internal Medicine Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein UKSH - Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
                [8 ]University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Germany
                [9 ]University Medicine Greifswald, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
                [10 ]Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
                [11 ]Klinik für Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck
                [12 ]Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, USA
                [13 ]Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research (IBMR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
                [14 ]Institute for Medical Data Sciences, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg
                [15 ]Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg
                Author notes
                [#]

                Co-senior authors

                Author Contribution:

                BKP conceived the idea, developed and supervised the project. ZL, CH, AG, AK carried out majority of experiments; IMP carried out autophagosome work; SK carried out multivariate and other statistical data analysis; AH, CN, VC, BA, TB, SC, JJV, OM, CS, KL, KT, JR, FE, LS, PUH, SS, CM, FS, CS, NB, SK, GR contributed with patient recruitment, sample collection, patient data management; MEA and MW contributed with important reagents and experiments; AS and SL carried out mass spectrometry studies and related data analysis, RN supervised mitochondrial experimental work, analyzed the data. BKP drafted the manuscript with help from MEA. All other authors critically revised the manuscript. All authors approved the submitted version.

                Article
                10.1101/2023.06.23.23291827
                10327231
                37425897
                8764a6a6-e9a6-4e8e-9262-632cc11e0bc8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: Amar Foundation, USA for a career development grant (BKP), ME Research UK (BKP), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
                Award ID: 01EJ2204E
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIAID), USA, The infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Foundation, USA
                Award ID: RO1AI084898-06
                Funded by: National Pandemic Cohort Network (NAPKON)
                Funded by: Network University Medicine
                Award ID: 01KX2021
                Funded by: federal state of Bavaria
                Funded by: German Ministry of Research and Education, Comprehensive Heart Failure Centre Würzburg
                Award ID: 01EO1004
                Award ID: 01EO1504
                Funded by: German Research Foundation (DFG), Comprehensive Research Center 1525 ‘Cardio-immune interfaces’, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research - IZKF Würzburg
                Award ID: 453989101
                Categories
                Article

                me/cfs,long covid,(n)igm,fibronectin,ebv,hsv-1,hhv-6,dutpase
                me/cfs, long covid, (n)igm, fibronectin, ebv, hsv-1, hhv-6, dutpase

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